Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂welh₁-

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂welh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *welH-[1][2]

Etymology 1

Possibly connected to *welh₁- (“to choose, wish”)[3][4], but Hittite requires a leading h₂-. Furthermore, an argument against reconstructing a root-final h₁ is Old Irish follnaithir (“rules”), which point to h₂ instead. A connection with *HweRdʰ- (“to become big/strong”), Sanskrit वर्धते (várdhate, “to grow”), is also suggested.[1]

Root

*h₂welh₁-[5]

1. to rule
2. strong, powerful

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂welh₁- (rule)

• *h₂wl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)[6][4]
  • Anatolian:
    • Hittite: 𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣 (ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi /hullezi/, “to smash, to defeat”)
• *h₂wl̥h₁-eh₁-(ye)-ti[7]
  • Proto-Italic: *walēō
    • Latin: valeō
• *h₂wl̥-né-h₂-ti[8]
  • Proto-Celtic: *walnati (“to rule, govern”)
    • Old Irish: fallnaithir
• *welh₁-t ~ *wl̥h₁-ént (root aorist)[9]
  • Proto-Germanic: *wulþǭ (1st p. past tense)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (back formation)[9]
• *h₂wl̥h₁-etro-s[10]
  • Proto-Celtic: *walatros (“ruler”)
    • Proto-Brythonic: *gwaladr
• *wolh₁-neh₂-mō ~ *wl̥h₁-neh₂-m̥n-és[11]
  • Proto-Celtic: *wolnāmū (“ruler”)
    • ⇒ Middle Irish: follamnacht (“government, ruling”)
    • ⇒ Middle Irish: follamnaigid (“to rule, govern”)
• *h₂wl̥h₁-ont-s[12][13]
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian A: wäl (“king”)
    • Tocharian B: walo (“king”)
• *h₂wl̥h₁-o-s[14]
  • Proto-Celtic: *walos (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂wélh₁-ti-s ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-téy-s[15]
  • Proto-Celtic: *wlatis (see there for further descendants)

Extended form *h₂welh₁-dʰ-.

• *h₂wélh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)[1]
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (alternatively)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *volsti
      • Old Church Slavonic: власти (vlasti, “to rule”)
• *h₂wolh₁-dʰh₁-eh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)[16]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:[2]
    • Proto-Slavic: *volděti (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂wolh₁-dʰh₁-éye-ti (eye-iterative)[17]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: vàldît
    • Lithuanian: valdýti
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *waldijaną (unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti)
    • Proto-West Germanic: *waldijan
      • Old English: wieldan, wildan
        • English: wield
        • Scots: wield
• *h₂wolh₁-dʰ-tis
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walstis
    • Lithuanian: valstybė
    • Latvian: valsts
    • Proto-Slavic: *volstь (“rule”)[18] (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit”)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Old Prussian: weldisnan sg (“inheritance”, acc)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *voldь
      • Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ, “power”)

Etymology 2

Often compared to *welh₃- (“to pluck”) and *welH- (“to turn”).

Root

*h₂welh₁-[19]

1. hair; wool

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂welh₁- (wool)

• *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂
• Unsorted formations:
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: λῶμα (lôma), λάχνη (lákhnē), λάχνος (lákhnos), λάσιος (lásios)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: vellus, villus

See also

• *welh₁-
• *welH-

References

1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *u̯elH-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 676-77
2. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*volděti; *voldati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 524
3. Derksen, Rick (2015), “valdyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 485–486
4. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ḫulle^zi-/ḫull-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 358: “*h₂ul-né-h₁-ti, *h₂ul-n-h₁-énti”
5. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
6. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*h₂ul-ne-h₁ti, *h₂ul-n-h₁enti”
7. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*h₂ulh₁-eh₁”
8. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*wal-na”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 402: “*wl-neh₂-”
9. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*waldan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 569: “*h₂ulh₁-t-”
10. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*walo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 402: “*wlh₂etro-”
11. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*walo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 402: “*wolH-neh₂-(mōn)”
12. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*waldan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 569: “*h₂wlh₁-ont-”
13. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*ulH-nt”
14. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*walo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 402: “*wlHo-”
15. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*ulHti-”
16. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*waldan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 569: “*h₂wolh₁-dʰh₁-eh₁”
17. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*waldan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 569: “*h₂wolh₁-dʰh₁-eie-”
18. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*vȏlstь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 526
19. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1139