Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ey-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂ey-[1][2]

vital force, life, age, eternity

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ey- (life)

*h₂óy-u ~ *h₂y-éw- n (“long time, lifetime”)[1][2]
*h₂ey-m(n)- (“image, likeness”) (possibly)
*h₂ey-t-
- ⇒? *h₂ey-t-to-
  - Proto-Celtic: *aissā[3] (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: āym

References

De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ay-sso-, *ay-to-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 51

Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 17–18
CLACKSON, James (2002), Indo-European Word Formation: Proceedings from the International Conference
WEISS, Michael (1994), "Life Everlasting: Latin iūgis 'everflowing', Greek ὑγιής 'healthy', Gothic ajukdūþs 'eternity' and Avestan yauuaēǰī 'living forever'", in: Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, 55, pp. 131–156

Root

*h₂ey-[1]

to give
(in the mediopassive) to be given; to receive, take

Alternative reconstructions

*h₄ey-[2]

Reconstruction notes

Sometimes included is Hittite 𒉺𒀀𒄿 (pa-a-i /pāi/), assuming it contains the prefix 𒁉𒂊- (pé-e- /pe-/),[2] but this is made obsolete by the derivation of the Hittite from *h₁ep- (“to seize”).[3][1]
The identification of the Celto-Germanic isogloss meaning “oath” is uncertain, and it may involve borrowing between these two branches. It is more commonly reconstructed as *h₁óytos, from *h₁ey- (“to go”), without the Greek. Beekes adduces the Greek under the assumption of a connection to the other Greek words belonging to *h₂ey-, and comparing the semantics of Younger Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀‎ (aēta, “punishment”)[4]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ey- (give)

*h₂ey-néw-tor
- Proto-Hellenic: *ainúmai
  - Ancient Greek: αἴνυμαι (aínumai)
  - ⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐁁𐀝𐀕𐀜 (ai-nu-me-no /Ainumenos/, given name)

*h₂éy-ti-s
- ⇒? *h₂ey-ty-eh₂ or *h₂ey-t-teh₂
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: αἶσα (aîsa)
- Proto-Italic: *aitis
  - Oscan: aeteis (“part (of a possession)”, gen.sg.)

*h₂ey-tó-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: *αἶτος (*aîtos, “something given, portion”)
    - ⇒ *αἰτάω (*aitáō)
      - ⇒ διαιτάω (diaitáō)
    - ⇒ αἰτέω (aitéō), αἴτημι (aítēmi)
    - ⇒ αἴτιος (aítios)
    - ⇒ ἔξαιτος (éxaitos)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haytas (“part, share?”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Haytah
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀‎ (aēta, “punishment”)

⇒? *h₂óytos (a poetic or spiritual term, literally “that which is given”)[4]
- >? Proto-Celtic: *oitos
  - Old Irish: óeth (“oath”)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *aiþaz (“oath”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: οἶτος (oîtos, “fate, doom”)

Descendants

Proto-Tocharian: *āi- (“to give, pay out; (mp.) to take”)[2]
- Tocharian A: e-
- Tocharian B: ai-

References

Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “αἴνυμαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 40: “IE *h₂ei- ‘give’”
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ai-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 106–107: “PIE *h₄ei- ‘take, give’”
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “pai-ⁱ / pi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 614–616
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “οἶτος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1063: “IE *h₂oi-to- ‘share’”

Root

*h₂ey-[1][2]

day, morning

Derived terms

*h₂éy-eri (“early, in the morning”)
*h₂óy-r̥ ~ *h₂éy-ns[3][4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyr̥
  - Proto-Iranian: *Háyr̥
    - Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬆‎ (aiiar^ə, “day”)

References

Beekes, R. S. P. (1981), “The neuter plural and the vocalization of the laryngeals in Avestan”, in Indo-Iranian Journal, volume 23
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*airi”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 12
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “ā̆ier-, ā̆ien-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 12
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*airi”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 12

[De_Vaan_2008-1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[Kroonen_2013-2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ay-sso-, *ay-to-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 51

[Beekes-4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “αἴνυμαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 40: “IE *h₂ei- ‘give’”

[Adams-5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ai-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 106–107: “PIE *h₄ei- ‘take, give’”

[6] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “pai-ⁱ / pi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 614–616

[Beekes_2-7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “οἶτος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1063: “IE *h₂oi-to- ‘share’”

[Beekes-8] Beekes, R. S. P. (1981), “The neuter plural and the vocalization of the laryngeals in Avestan”, in Indo-Iranian Journal, volume 23

[EDPG-9] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*airi”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 12

[10] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “ā̆ier-, ā̆ien-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 12

[11] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*airi”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 12