Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ews-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂ews-[1]

dawn
east

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ews-

*h₂ews-i-
- Proto-Germanic: *auzi(z)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *Auziwandilaz (“Morning Star”)[2] (see there for further descendants)
*h₂éws-ōs ~ *h₂us-
*h₂é-h₂us-o-m ?
- Proto-Italic: *auzom
  - Old Latin: ausum
    - Latin: aurum (see there for further descendants)
  - Sabine: *ausom
*h₂us-r-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Husr-
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Husr-
    - Sanskrit: उषर् (úṣar, voc. sg.), उस्रस् (usrás, gen. sg.), उस्रि (usrí, loc. sg.) and other forms (attested in the Rigveda)
*h₂us-ró-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Husrás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Husrás
    - Sanskrit: उस्र (usrá, “reddish, ruddy; bright; matutinal”)
*h₂ews-ro-
- Proto-Albanian: *ausra
  - Albanian: err
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *auš(t)ra-
  - Latvian: àustra, aũstra (“dawn light”)
    - ⇒ Latvian: Austra
    - ⇒ Latvian: austrumi (“east”)
  - Lithuanian: aušrà, auštrà
  - Proto-Slavic: *utro (with unexpected loss of -s-, present in variant *ustro) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *austraz (“east”, adj.), *austrą (“east”, noun), *Austrǭ (“Easter, springtime; name of a goddess”) (with regular epenthesis *sr > *str) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *aúhrā (< *h₂éwsreh₂ or *h₂éwsr̥h₂)
  - Ancient Greek: αὔρᾱ (aúrā), αὔρη (aúrē)
    - Greek: αύρα (ávra)
    - → Latin: aura
    Epic, Ionic Greek: αὔρη (aúrē)
*h₂ews-teros
- Proto-Italic: *austeros
  - Latin: auster (“south wind”) (see there for further descendants)
*h₂us-es-téro-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hušastáras
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hušastárah
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀‎ (ušastara, “eastern”)
      - → Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾwšstl /ōšastar/, “east(ern)”)
*h₂ews-ḗr (< **h₂ews-ér-s, “what is at dawn; mist”[3])
- Proto-Hellenic: *auhḗr
  - Ancient Greek: ᾱ̓ήρ (āḗr)
    Doric Greek: ἀβήρ (abḗr)
    Aeolic Greek: αὐήρ (auḗr)
    Ionic Greek: ἠήρ (ēḗr)
    - ⇒? Ancient Greek: ἦρι (êri, “early in the morning”) (< locative *h₂éws-r-i or *h₂ews-ér-i, compare ἠέριος (ēérios, “with the early morning”)) (unless < *h₂éyeri)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: αὔριον (aúrion) (< locative *h₂éws-r-i-om)
      - Greek: αύριο (ávrio)
*h₂wōs-r-ih₂ ? (or *wōsris; alternatively derived from *wósr̥ (“spring”))
- Proto-Celtic: *wāris (or *wā(s)rī)
  - Middle Irish: fáir
  - Welsh: gwawr (< *wā(s)rā)
*h₂éws ~ *h₂us-és
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Húš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Húṣ
    - Sanskrit: उष् (úṣ, “dawn”)
*h₂éws-ti-s ~ *h₂us-téy-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Húštiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Húṣṭiṣ
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: व्युष्टि (vyùṣṭi, “first gleam of dawn, daybreak”) (combined with वि- (vi-, “around, about”))
Unsorted formations:
- Latvian: ausma (“dawn”)
  - ⇒ Latvian: Ausma
- Proto-Tocharian: *wi̯äsā (“gold”)[4]
  - Tocharian A: wäs
  - Tocharian B: yasā
    - ⇒? Tocharian B: yasna
  - →? Proto-Uralic: *waśke (“copper, brass”)[5][note 1] (see there for further descendants)

Notes

Or separately borrowed post–Proto-Uralic into Proto-Finno-Lappic–Mordvinic *waśke, Proto-Ugric *waś (“metal, iron”) and Proto-Samoyedic *wesä (“metal, iron”).

References

De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Hatto, Arthur T. (1965) Eos: An enquiry into the theme of lovers' meetings and partings at dawn in poetry, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
Nikolaev, Alexander (Fall/Winter 2009), “The Germanic word for ‘sword’ and delocatival derivation in Proto-Indo-European”, in The Journal of Indo-European Studies‎ (PDF), volume 37, issue 3/4, page 466
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “yasa”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 524–525
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “Metals”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 241: “*hₐewes-”

Root

*h₂ews-[1][2][3][4]

to draw water, scoop up

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ews-

*h₂ews-e-ti
- Proto-Germanic: *ausaną (“to scoop”) (see there for further descendants)
*h₂ews-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *auzjō
  - Latin: hauriō (“to draw, scoop up”) (see there for further descendants)
*h₂ews-e-ti or *h₂ews-ye-ti
- >? Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: αὔω (aúō)
  - ⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀢𐀨𐀄𐀵𐀫 (pu-ra-u-to-ro /puraustrō/)
*h₂us-[5]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: (ἀφ)ύσσω ((aph)ússō, “to draw or scoop liquids”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Palaic: 𒄷𒍑𒅆𒄿𒅔𒀭𒋫 (ḫu-uš-ši-i-in-an-ta /hussīnta, ḫuššīnanta/, “they draw water for themselves; sacrificial offering, in particular libations”)
- Proto-Celtic: *awsetlo- or *awselo- (“flesh-fork”) (possibly)
  - >? Old Irish: aél (or from Old English awul)

References

Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “αὔω 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 175
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “hauriō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 281
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*ausan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 43
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*awsetlo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 48
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἀφύσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 180

[6] Or separately borrowed post–Proto-Uralic into Proto-Finno-Lappic–Mordvinic *waśke, Proto-Ugric *waś (“metal, iron”) and Proto-Samoyedic *wesä (“metal, iron”).

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[2] Hatto, Arthur T. (1965) Eos: An enquiry into the theme of lovers' meetings and partings at dawn in poetry, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN

[3] Nikolaev, Alexander (Fall/Winter 2009), “The Germanic word for ‘sword’ and delocatival derivation in Proto-Indo-European”, in The Journal of Indo-European Studies‎ (PDF), volume 37, issue 3/4, page 466

[4] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “yasa”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 524–525

[M&A-5] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “Metals”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 241: “*hₐewes-”

[Beekes_1-7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “αὔω 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 175

[De_vaan_1-8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “hauriō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 281

[Kroonen_1-9] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*ausan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 43

[Matasovich_1-10] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*awsetlo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 48

[Beekes_2-11] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἀφύσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 180