Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂erǵ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂erǵ-[1][2]

white, argent
glittering

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂erǵ-

*h₂r̥ǵ-ént-s ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-n̥t-és
- *h₂r̥ǵn̥t-ó-m (“silver”)[3]
*h₂(e)rǵ-ḗs[4]
- Proto-Hellenic: *argḗs
  - Ancient Greek: ἀργής (argḗs)
*h₂érǵ-i-s[5]
- Proto-Anatolian: *Hárǵis
  - Hittite: 𒄯𒆠𒅖 (ḫarkiš), 𒄯𒅗𒅖 (ḫarkaiš, “white, bright”)
*h₂r̥ǵ-né-w-m ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-n̥-ú-m[5]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (ḫargnau-, “palm (of hand), sole (of foot)”)
*h₂érǵ-ro-m[3]
- Proto-Germanic: *arkrą, *akrą (“type of metal”)[3]
  - Proto-West Germanic: *arkr, *akr
    - Old Dutch: *akar
      - Middle Dutch: *acker
        Dutch: aecker (archaic)
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *arkanaz (“genuine, pure”) (or more likely *erknaz, from *h₁erg- ~ *h₁erǵ-)
    - Old English: eorcan, eorcnan, earcnan (in compounds)
    - Old High German: erchan
    - Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌽𐍃 (airkns)
*h₂r̥ǵ-ró-s[3]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἀργός (argós, “white, bright”) (earlier *ἀργρός (*argrós)[5])
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́rás (“red, reddish”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́rás
    - Sanskrit: ऋज्र (ṛjrá)
*h₂érǵ-u-s
- Proto-Italic: *argus
  - ⇒? Proto-Italic: *arguō (denominative)
    - Latin: arguō (“to make clear”) (see there for further descendants)
- *h₂érǵ-u-nom or *h₂érǵ-wr̥ ~ h₂r̥ǵ-wén-s[6]
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárȷ́unam (“silver, white”)
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárȷ́unam
      - Sanskrit: अर्जुन (árjuna)
        → Hindi: अर्जुन (arjun)
        Pali: ajjuna
        Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀼𑀡 (ajjuṇa)
- *h₂érǵ-u-ros or *h₂érǵ-wr̥ ~ h₂r̥ǵ-wén-s
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ἄργυρος (árguros, “silver”)
- *h₂érǵ-w-i-s
  - Proto-Tocharian: *ārkwi (“white”)[7] (see there for further descendants)
*h₂r̥ǵ-yó-s
- Proto-Celtic: *argyos (“white”)[8] (reconstruction uncertain)
  - >? Proto-Brythonic: *ėrɣ (“snow”) (see there for further descendants)
  - >? Gaulish: *argios
    - ⇒ Gaulish: *Argiotalos?
      - → Latin: Argiotalus (given name)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: արծնեմ (arcnem)
- Old Armenian: արծարծեմ (arcarcem)

References

Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*h₂erg̑-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 317-322
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “akra- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 18: “h₂reǵ-ro-”
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 332: “*h₂r̥ĝ-es-”
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “*arganto-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 41
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ārkwi”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 53
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*argyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 41–42

[1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[2] Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*h₂erg̑-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 317-322

[Kroonen-3] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “akra- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 18: “h₂reǵ-ro-”

[4] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 332: “*h₂r̥ĝ-es-”

[Kloekhorst-5] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[Delamarre-6] Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “*arganto-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 41

[7] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ārkwi”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 53

[8] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*argyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 41–42