Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eHs-

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eHs-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *h₂eh₁s-[1][2]
• *h₂es-[3][4], *ā̆s-[5]

Etymology

Appears to be suffixed/extended from the root *h₂eh₁- as found in Palaic [script needed] (hāri), [script needed] (hānta, “to heat up”, intransitive), Proto-Celtic *ā-tis (“furnace, oven”) and PIE *h₂éh₁-tēr (“fire”);[6][7] see also *h₂eh₃- (“to burn, be hot”). Alternatively from *h₂ed-s- with dissimilation; see reconstruction notes.

Root

*h₂eHs-

1. to be dry, to dry
2. to burn, to glow
3. hearth
4. ashes

Reconstruction

The long-vowel forms reflecting *ās- < *HaHs- have been explained as taken from a reduplicated perfect *h₂e-h₂s-, thus *h₂es- could be original, nicely explaining the short vowels.[3][4] However, the morphological motivation for deriving nouns from such a stem *h₂e-h₂s- is unclear (but cf. *kʷé-kʷl-os, *bʰé-bʰr-us).
On the other hand, Kloekhorst argues that Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒀸 (ḫāš, “ash”), 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀀𒀸 (ḫāššāš, “fireplace, hearth”) (and therefore also Old Latin āsa (“altar”) and cognates) can only reflect *h₂eh₁s-.[8][9] Beekes interprets this *h₂eh₁s- as dissimilated regularly from *h₂ed-s- in pre-PIE, from the root *h₂ed- as found in Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒋾 (ḫāti).[10] To this root, he and Puhvel[11] add Ancient Greek ἄζω (ázō), and Kroonen adds Proto-Germanic *azgǭ.[12]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eHs-

• *h₂eHs-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)[1]
  • Proto-Italic: *āzēō (“to be dry”)
    • Latin: āreō
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: asāre (“dried up”, verb)[2]
• *h₂eHs-h₂- (“hearth, fireplace”)[1]
  • Anatolian:
    • Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀀𒀸 c (ḫāššā-, “fireplace, hearth”)[9]
    • Lycian: [script needed] c (xahadi-, “altar”)
  • Proto-Italic: *āzā (“altar”)
    • Old Latin: āsa
      • Latin: āra (see there for further descendants)
    • Oscan: aasa- (“altar”)
• *h₂s-tḗr (“star”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Anatolian:
    • Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀸 c (ḫāšš-, “ash(es); dust; soap”)[8]
  • Germanic:
    • Proto-Germanic: *asjō[4]
      • Old High German: essa (“furnace”)
    • Old Norse: ᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ (aʀina, “ash”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHsas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHsas
      • Sanskrit: आस (ā́sa, “ashes, dust”)
        • Bengali: অশ্ম (ôśmô, “ashes”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *HáHhah
      • Ormuri: [script needed] (yānak, “ash”) < *ās-naka-
      • Persian: آهک‎ (āhak, “lime”)
  • Tocharian:
    • Tocharian A: asatär (“dries up”)
    • Tocharian B: osotär (“dries up”)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *āstäre (“pure”) (possibly)[13]
    • Tocharian A: āştär (“pure”)
    • Tocharian B: astare (“pure”)
  • Tocharian: *ās-[14]
    • Tocharian A: ās-
    • Tocharian B: ās-
• enlarged with a dental
  • Anatolian:
    • >? Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒋾 (hāt-ⁱ, hat-, “to dry up, become parched”) (more likely points to *h₂ód⁽ʰ⁾-ei, with regular vowel lengthening[11][15])
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: հաստեայ (hasteay, “kind of pastry”) (possibly)
    • Old Armenian: ոստին (ostin, “dry”) (possibly)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Czech: ozditi (“to dry malt”)
    • Old Polish: ozd (“dry malt”)
  • Hellenic:
    • >? Ancient Greek: ἄζω (ázō, “to dry”) (or simply from *h₂ed-ye-[11][10])
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Iranian:
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (astaucä, “dry land”)
      • → Old Armenian: աստուճ (astuč, “dry (of bread)”)
  • Proto-Italic: *assos (“dried, roasted”)
    • Latin: assus (“roasted, baked”)
• enlarged with a velar
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: աճիւն (ačiwn, “ashes”)
    • Old Armenian: ազազիմ (azazim, “to grow dry”)
    • Old Armenian: ասկն (askn, “ruby”) (possibly)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *askǭ (“ash, ashes”) (or from *h₂ed-dʰgʷʰ-?[12]) (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic:
    • >? Ancient Greek: ἄσβολος (ásbolos, “soot”), ἀσβόλη (asbólē)
  • →? Proto-Finnic: *kaski (“swidden”) (see there for further descendants)

References

1. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 49, 53, 58f
2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 257–258
3. Lubotsky A. M. (1985), “The PIE word for ‘dry’”, in ZVS‎, volume 98, pages 1–10
4. Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 53–54
5. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 68–69
6. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂eh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 257
7. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*āti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 45
8. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ḫāšš-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 318–319
9. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ḫāššā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 322–323
10. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἄζω 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 26–27
11. Puhvel, Jaan (1991) Hittite Etymological Dictionary (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 5), volume 3, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 274f
12. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*askōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 38
13. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “astare”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 36-37
14. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ās-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 63
15. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ḫāt-ⁱ / ḫat-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 328–329

• Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 371f, 376f
• Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 7, 44, 118f
• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 170b