Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁én

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁én

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Adverb

*h₁én[1][2]

1. in

Derived terms

• *h₁en-d(ʰ)r-óm[3]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāndrám
      • Kalasha: ónḍrak, ond'rak
      • Sanskrit: आण्ड (āṇḍa)
        • Sanskrit: अण्ड (aṇḍá) (later form) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Slavic: *ędro (see there for further descendants)
• *h₁én-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ens
    • Ancient Greek: εἰς (eis), ἐς (es)
      • Greek: εις (eis), σε (se)
• *h₁en-tér (“between”)
• *h₁én-ter-o-s (“inner, located inside”)
• *h₁en-tó-s (“(from) inside”)[4]
  • Proto-Hellenic: *entós
    • Ancient Greek: ἐντός (entós)
  • Proto-Italic: *entos
    • Latin: intus (see there for further descendants)
    • Venetic: 𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌏𐌋 (entol, “inside”) (< *entos + l-)
• *h₁en-tr-o-m[5]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *intró (“liver”)
    • Old Prussian: instran (“fat”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *ę̄trò (“liver”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántram
    • Proto-Iranian: *Hantara-
      • Persian: اندر‎ (andar)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántram
      • Sanskrit: अन्त्र (antra) (see there for further descendants)
• *h₁éni-h₃kʷ-o-, *h₁en-h₃ekʷ-o- (< *h₁eni + *h₃ekʷ- (“eye”))[4][6]
  • Proto-Celtic: *enekʷos
    • Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqaglas)
      • Old Irish: enech
        • Irish: eineach
    • Proto-Brythonic: *ėnib (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *enōkʷā́
    • Ancient Greek: ἐνωπή (enōpḗ)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HániHkas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HániHkas
      • Sanskrit: अनीक (ánīka)
    • Proto-Iranian: *HániHkah
      • Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬐𐬀‎ (aⁱnika)
      • Northern Kurdish: enî
• *h₁ón-tr-om
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *antra
    • Proto-Slavic: *ǭtrò (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Slavic: *ǫtrь
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vъnǫtrь (“inside, within”) (*vъn- (“in”) + *ǫtrь)[7] (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vъnǭtrьnъ (*vъnǫtrь + *-ьnъ) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ntram
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāntrám
      • Sanskrit: आन्त्र (āntra)
        • Hindi: अंतड़ी (antṛī)
        • Punjabi: ਅੰਤੜੀ (antaṛī)
• *h₁ner-ó-s (“inner, under”)[8] (< loc.sg. *h₁nér(i))
  • Proto-Germanic: *nurþraz
  • Ancient Greek: νειρός (neirós), νέρτερος (nérteros), ἐνέρτερος (enérteros), ἔνερθεν (énerthen)/νέρθεν (nérthen), ἔνεροι (éneroi)
• *h₁n̥-dó (“inside”)
• *h₁n̥-dʰér(i) (“under, below”)
• *h₁n̥-dʰí (“under, below”)
• *h₁ní (“down”)
  • Old Armenian: նի- (ni-)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ni-
    • Old Irish: ne-
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ní (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Slavic: *nizъ (see there for further descendants)
• *h₁ni-tero-
  • Proto-Germanic: *niþer (see there for further descendants)
  • Sanskrit: नितराम् (nitarā́m, “downwards”)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Tocharian: *ene (“inside, within”) (possibly from *h₁n̥dó)[9]
  • Tocharian A: ane
  • Tocharian B: eneṃ

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: ի (i) / յ- (y-)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *in (from zero-grade form *h₁n̥)[10]
  • Old Prussian: ēn
  • Latvian: iekša (< *en-styā-s)
  • Lithuanian: į, in (dialectal)
  • Proto-Slavic: *vъ(n) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *en[11] (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *in (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *en(i)[12]
  • Ancient Greek: ἐν (en); ἐνί (ení), εἰν (ein), εἰνί (einí) (poetic, metrical)

    Arcadocypriot Greek: ἰν (in)

    • Greek: εν (en)
• Proto-Italic: *en[4] (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Tocharian:
  • Tocharian A: -an
  • Tocharian B: -ne
• Proto-Tocharian: *e(n)- (“intensifier”)[13]
  • Tocharian A: a(n)-
  • Tocharian B: e(n)-

References

1. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
2. Dunkel, George E. (2014), “Lexikon [Lexicon]”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 221
3. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ę̄drò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 157
4. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “in”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 300
5. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ę̄trò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 158
6. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*enekʷo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 115
7. Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
8. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 765
9. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “eneṃ”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 89
10. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196–197
11. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*eni”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 116
12. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἐν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 419
13. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “e(n)-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 87-88

Further reading

• Blažek, Václav (2001), “Indo-European prepositions and related words. Internal analysis and external comparison. For Professor Adolf Erhart to his 75th birthday.”, in Sborník prací Filosofické fakulty brněnské univerzity , volume 50, issue A49, *en, *n̥-, *eni, *ni- = H₁en = H₁en(i), page 21