< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-Hō
 | This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Alternative reconstructions
- *-h₃enh₂-, *-h₃onh₂-[1]
- *-h₃en-
Reconstruction
In literature this morpheme might be referred to as "Hoffmann's suffix". It is often reconstructed with a *h₃ on the basis of the voice assimilation in the word *h₂ábh₃on- < *h₂ep-h₃on- (“river”), although some authorities might also reconstruct an unspecified laryngeal, *H. Sometimes identified with the root *h₃enh₂- (“onerate”).
Suffix
*-Hō[2][3]
- Derives adjectives, nouns indicating possession, denoting burden, authority.
Inflection
| Athematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *(é)-Hō | *(Ø)-Hénih₂ | |
| genitive | *(Ø)-Hnés | *(Ø)-Hn̥yéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(é)-Hō | *(é)-Honh₁(e) | *(é)-Hones |
| vocative | *(é)-Hon | *(é)-Honh₁(e) | *(é)-Hones |
| accusative | *(é)-Honm̥ | *(é)-Honh₁(e) | *(é)-Honm̥s |
| genitive | *(Ø)-Hnés | *? | *(Ø)-HnóHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-Hnés | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥mós |
| dative | *(Ø)-Hnéy | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥mós |
| locative | *(Ø)-Hén, (Ø)-Héni | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥sú |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-Hnéh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥mís |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(Ø)-Hénih₂ | *(Ø)-Hénih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-Hénih₂es |
| vocative | *(Ø)-Hénih₂ | *(Ø)-Hénih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-Hénih₂es |
| accusative | *(Ø)-Hénih₂m̥ | *(Ø)-Hénih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-Hénih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *(Ø)-Hn̥yéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥yéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-Hn̥yéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥yéh₂mos |
| dative | *(Ø)-Hn̥yéh₂ey | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥yéh₂mos |
| locative | *(Ø)-Hn̥yéh₂, *(Ø)-Hn̥yéh₂i | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥yéh₂su |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-Hn̥yéh₂h₁ | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥yéh₂mis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(é)-Hon | *(é)-Honih₁ | *(é)-Hō |
| vocative | *(é)-Hon | *(é)-Honih₁ | *(é)-Hō |
| accusative | *(é)-Hon | *(é)-Honih₁ | *(é)-Hō |
| genitive | *(Ø)-Hnés | *? | *(Ø)-HnóHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-Hnés | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥mós |
| dative | *(Ø)-Hnéy | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥mós |
| locative | *(Ø)-Hén, (Ø)-Héni | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥sú |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-Hnéh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-Hn̥mís |
Derived terms
- *-Hon-o-
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -ωνός (-ōnós)
- Italic:
- Latin: -ōnus (as in patrōnus)
- Hellenic:
- *-i-Hon-
- Proto-Germanic: *-jǭ
- Gothic: -𐌾𐍉 (-jō) (e.g. 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉 (garunjō, “flood”), 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐍉 (gatimrjō, “building”), 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉 (sakjō, “quarrel”))
- Italic:
- Latin: -iō
- Proto-Germanic: *-jǭ
- *-et-Hon-
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -εδών (-edṓn), -ηδών (-ēdṓn) (e.g. τηκεδών (tēkedṓn, “melting away, consumption”), ἀλγηδών (algēdṓn, “pain, suffering”))
- Italic:
- Latin: -ēdō
- Hellenic:
- *-ti-Hon-
- Proto-Celtic: *-tiū
- Old Irish: -tiu
- Italic:
- Latin: -tiō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *-tiū
- *-tew-t-Hon-
- Italic:
- Latin: -tūdō
- Italic:
- *-Hon-eh₂-
- Indo-Iranian:
- Indo-Aryan:
- Sanskrit: -आनी (-ānī)
- Indo-Aryan:
- Italic:
- Latin: -ōna
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -ώνη (-ṓnē)
- Indo-Iranian:
- *-i-Hn
- Proto-Germanic: *-į̄
Descendants
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn), -ών (-ṓn)
- Indo-Iranian:
- Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)
- Indo-Aryan
- Italic:
- Latin: -ō (see there for further descendants)
References
- Clackson, James, Indo-European Word Formation: Proceedings from the International Conference, 2002
- Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 111
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 63