< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hyewdʰ-
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
A derivation from *h₂yew- (“straight, upright”).[1]
Root
*Hyewdʰ-[2][3]
- moving erect, to be agitated or push forward in such a fashion that one is straight or upright (for example as walking into battle)[1]
Derived terms
- *Hyúdʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyúdʰyati (“to fight, to battle”)[4]
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyúdʰyati
- Sanskrit: युध्यति (yúdhyati), युध्यते (yúdhyate)
- Proto-Iranian: *Hyúdyati
- Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yūiδiieiti)[5]
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyúdʰyati
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyúdʰyati (“to fight, to battle”)[4]
- *Hyowdʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyawdʰáyati
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyawdʰáyati
- Sanskrit: योधयति (yodháyati)[4]
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyawdʰáyati
- Proto-Italic: *jouðejō[6]
- Old Latin: ioubeō
- Latin: iubeō
- Old Latin: ioubeō
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jaudīˀtei
- Lithuanian: judėti, judinti, jundù
- Proto-Slavic: *jùditi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyawdʰáyati
- *Hyudʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)
- Proto-Tocharian: *yutkǝ-
- Tocharian A: yutkatār (“to worry”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *yutkǝ-
- *Hyudʰ-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudᶻdʰás
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyuddʰás
- Sanskrit: युद्ध (yuddhá)
- Kashmiri: یۆد (yod)
- Sanskrit: युद्ध (yuddhá)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyuddʰás
- Proto-Italic: *jussos
- Latin: iussus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudᶻdʰás
- *Hyudʰ-(s)mós (“warrior”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jud-mas
- ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ojьminъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: *ὑσμός (*husmós)
- ⇒ Ancient Greek: ὑσμίνη (husmínē, “battle”)[7]
- Ancient Greek: *ὑσμός (*husmós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudʰmás
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyudʰmás
- Sanskrit: युध्म (yudhmá, “warrior”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyudʰmás
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jud-mas
- *Hyéwdʰ-tōr ~ *Hyudʰ-tr-és
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáwdᶻdʰā
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwddʰā
- Sanskrit: योद्धृ (yoddhṛ)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwddʰā
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáwdᶻdʰā
- *Hyéwdʰ-tu-s ~ *Hyudʰ-téw-s
- Proto-Italic: *jussus
- Latin: iussus
- Proto-Italic: *jussus
- *Hyéwdʰ-u-s ~ *Hyudʰ-éw-s[1]
- Ancient Greek: εὐθύς (euthús), ῑ̓θῠ́ς (īthús)
- *Hyewdʰ-dh-r̥[1]
- Ancient Greek: *εὖθαρ (*eûthar), εἶθαρ (eîthar)
- >? Latin: iubar
Descendants
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyawdʰ- (see there for further descendants)
References
- Willi, Andreas (2001), “Lateinisch iubēre, griechisch εὐϑύς und ein indogermanisches Rechtskonzept”, in Historische Sprachforschung (in German), volume 114, issue 1. H., DOI:, pages 117–146
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1376
- Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*Hi̯eu̯dʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 225
- Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “yodh-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
- Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*Hi̯aud”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “iubeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 312
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὑσμίνη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1538