Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hreth₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*Hreth₂-[1]

to run

Alternative reconstructions

*Hret-[2]
*ret-[3][4][5]
*reth₂-[3][6][1][7]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *Hreth₂-

*Hréth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)[4]
- Proto-Celtic: *reteti (see there for further descendants)
  - → French: Rhône
- >? Proto-Italic: *retō[8][9]
  - Latin: rotundus (< gerund[8] *reto-ndo-s with -o- from noun[9]) (see there for further descendants)
*Hroth₂-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Celtic: *rotīti (see there for further descendants)
*Hróth₂-eh₂[6]
- Proto-Italic: *rotā[9]
  - Latin: rota (see there for further descendants)
*Hróth₂-o-s[6][10]
- Proto-Albanian: *raθ
  - Albanian: rreth
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: rats
  - Lithuanian: rãtas
  - → Proto-Finnic: *rat'as (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *rotos (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *raþą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrátʰas (see there for further descendants)
*Hróth₂-wr̥ ~ *Hréth₂-n̥s
- Proto-Germanic: *raduraz (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Celtic:[11]
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Welsh: Rhys
    - Pictish: *ᚏᚓᚄᚐᚇ

References

Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ret-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 310: “*(H)reth₂-”
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, 2nd edition, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 38: “*Hret-”
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “ret(h)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 866
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ret-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 507
Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*ret-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 575-580
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 398: “*reth₂-”
Dočkalová, Lenka; Blažek, Václav (2011), “On Indo-European roads”, in The Journal of Indo-European Studies‎, volume 39, issue 3/4, page 322 of 299–341
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 625: “*rotor, -ī”
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “rota”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 527: “PIt. *rot-ā-”
Gaitzsch, Torsten (2017–2018), “Chapter I: General and methodological issues”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The homeland of the speakers of Proto-Indo-European, page 86: “*rot-h₂-o-”
Forsyth, Katherine - Protecting a Pict?: Further thoughts on the inscribed silver chapefrom St Ninian’s Isle, Shetland. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (2020) p. 11

[EDPC-1] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ret-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 310: “*(H)reth₂-”

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, 2nd edition, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 38: “*Hret-”

[IEW-3] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “ret(h)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 866

[LIV-4] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ret-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 507

[5] Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*ret-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 575-580

[TOitPIEatPIEw-6] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 398: “*reth₂-”

[7] Dočkalová, Lenka; Blažek, Václav (2011), “On Indo-European roads”, in The Journal of Indo-European Studies‎, volume 39, issue 3/4, page 322 of 299–341

[Sihler-8] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 625: “*rotor, -ī”

[EDL-9] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “rota”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 527: “PIt. *rot-ā-”

[10] Gaitzsch, Torsten (2017–2018), “Chapter I: General and methodological issues”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The homeland of the speakers of Proto-Indo-European, page 86: “*rot-h₂-o-”

[11] Forsyth, Katherine - Protecting a Pict?: Further thoughts on the inscribed silver chapefrom St Ninian’s Isle, Shetland. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (2020) p. 11