Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰen-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʷʰen- (imperfective)[1][2][3]

to strike, slay, kill

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷʰen-

*gʷʰén-ti ~ *gʷʰn-énti (athematic root present)
*gʷʰén-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)
- Proto-Italic: *fendō(or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.))[4]
  - Latin: *fendō[5]
    - ⇒ Latin: dēfendō (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Latin: offendō (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰén-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Albanian:[6]
  - Albanian: gjuaj
- Armenian:[7]
  - Old Armenian: ջնջեմ (ǰnǰem) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *genˀtei[8]
  - Latvian: dzenêt
  - Lithuanian: genė́ti (“to lop, to trim”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *žę̀ti[9] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéňňō[10]
  - Ancient Greek: θείνω (theínō, “to strike”)
*gʷʰn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti
  - Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-), 𒆪𒉿𒀸𒆠- (ku-wa-aš-ke- /kʷəšké-/)[11]
- Proto-Tocharian: *käsk-[12]
  - Tocharian B: käsk-
*gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e ~ gʷʰe-gʷʰn-ḗr (perfect)
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: geguin
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na ~ ǰʰagʰnŕ̥š
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agʰā́na ~ ȷ́agʰnŕ̥ṣ
    - Sanskrit: जघान (jaghā́na), जघ्नुर् (jaghnúr)
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰagā́na ~ *ǰagnŕ̥š
    - Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵‎ (jaγnuuah)
*gʷʰon-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánīˀtei[13]
  - Latvian: ganît
  - Lithuanian: ganýti
  - Proto-Slavic: *gonìti[14] (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰé-gʷʰn-e-t (reduplicated aorist)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπεφνον (épephnon, “to slay”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰágnat
    - Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈‎ (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.), 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀𐬝‎ (auuajaγnat̰, 3sg.pres.inj.)
*gʷʰén-ti-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-téy-s (“striking, beating”)
*gʷʰn̥-tó-s (“slain, killed”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰətós (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatás (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰn̥-tr-éh₂
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatráH
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθráH (“poison”)[15] (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰn̥-tr-íh₂
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatríH
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθríH (“thorn, prickle”)[15]
*gʷʰón-o-s[16]
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰónos
  - Ancient Greek: φόνος (phónos, “murder”)
    - Greek: φόνος (fónos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰanás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰanás
    - Sanskrit: घन (ghaná, “destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʷʰón-ō
  - Proto-Germanic: *banô (“murderer”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʷʰon-éh₂
  - Proto-Germanic: *banō (“cleared path; battlefield”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʷʰón-yeh₂
  - Proto-Germanic: *banjō (“wound”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰón-is ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és[17]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գան (gan), գանեմ (ganem)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰan-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: हन् (han, “to kill” (root))

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “g^u̯hen-(ə)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 491-493
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯ʰen-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 218-219
Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*ǰan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 224-225
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-fendō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 210-211
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 218
Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “gjúaj”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 191-192
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “ǰinǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 559
Derksen, Rick (2015), “genėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 170-171
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*žę̀ti II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 561
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “θείνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 536-537
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “kue(n)-^zi / kun- / kuu̯a(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 561-562
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “käsk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 189
Derksen, Rick (2015), “ganyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gonìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 177
Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*jaθra-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 141–142
Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 106
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “gan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 198

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “g^u̯hen-(ə)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 491-493

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯ʰen-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 218-219

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*ǰan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 224-225

[4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-fendō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 210-211

[5] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 218

[6] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “gjúaj”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 191-192

[7] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “ǰinǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 559

[8] Derksen, Rick (2015), “genėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 170-171

[9] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*žę̀ti II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 561

[10] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “θείνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 536-537

[11] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “kue(n)-^zi / kun- / kuu̯a(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 561-562

[12] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “käsk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 189

[13] Derksen, Rick (2015), “ganyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164

[14] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gonìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 177

[ESIJa-15] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*jaθra-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 141–142

[16] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 106

[17] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “gan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 198