Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷéru

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*gʷéru n[1][2]

spit, skewer
spear, throwing spear

Inflection

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*gʷéru
genitive	*gʷréws
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷéru	*gʷérwih₁	*gʷéruh₂
vocative	*gʷéru	*gʷérwih₁	*gʷéruh₂
accusative	*gʷéru	*gʷérwih₁	*gʷéruh₂
genitive	*gʷréws	*?	*gʷréwoHom
ablative	*gʷréws	*?	*gʷrúmos
dative	*gʷréwey	*?	*gʷrúmos
locative	gʷréw, gʷréwi	*?	*gʷrúsu
instrumental	*gʷrúh₁	*?	*gʷrúmis

Descendants

Proto-Celtic: *beru (“spit”)[3] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *kweru (“sharp stick”)
- Gothic: 𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿 (qairu)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáru
- Proto-Iranian: *gráw, *gáru (“stick, hollow reed”)[4]
  - Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬬𐬀‎ (grava, “staff”)
  - Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫃𐫡𐫇𐫇‎ (grww, “cane, reed”)
    - Persian: غرو‎ (ğarv)
Proto-Italic: *gʷeru (“spit”)[2] (see there for further descendants)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “*gʷeru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 479
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “venu, -ūs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 668: “*gʷer(H)-u- 'spit'”
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*beru-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 62
Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2007), “*²grau-, *²garṷ-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 290

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “*gʷeru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 479

[DeVaan-2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “venu, -ūs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 668: “*gʷer(H)-u- 'spit'”

[Matasovic-3] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*beru-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 62

[ESIJa-4] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2007), “*²grau-, *²garṷ-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 290