Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʰer-

to rub
to stroke
to grind
to remove

Extensions

*gʰrey-
>? *gʰrenHdʰ-[1] (or *gʷʰrenHdʰ-, based on Latin frendō[2][3]; or *gʰrend-, to explain perhaps the Baltic[4] and Greek[5] forms)
- ⇒ *gʰrénHdʰ-(e)-ti (root present)
  - Proto-Albanian:
    - >? Albanian: grind (“to brawl”) (cf. also gërdhij (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian *gradīnja; grij (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < *grinja)[6]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-?
    - Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)
  - Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʰrenHdʰ-éh₂
  - Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel; sand; pebbles”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʰrenHdʰ-o-
  - Proto-Germanic: *grindaz ~ *grindą
    - Proto-West Germanic: *grind
      - Old Dutch: *grint n
        Middle Dutch: grint
        Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)
      - Old High German: grint m
        Middle High German: grint
        German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)
- ⇒ *gʰrónHdʰ-o-m (root present)
  - Proto-Germanic: *grandą
    - Proto-West Germanic: *grand
      - Low German: grand (“sand”)
    - Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)
- ⇒? *gʰrónHd-ro-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *kʰróndros
    - >? Ancient Greek: χόνδρος (khóndros, “small mass; corn of grain; cartilage”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʰrewd- ~ *gʰr-eu-d- ~ *gʷrod-
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: կորկոտ (korkot) < *gʷo-gʷrod- (perhaps)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: graudìnti (“to move, touch”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *gruditi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: grūst
  - Lithuanian: grūsti
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: gruds (“grain, corn”), grauds
  - Lithuanian: grūdas, graûds
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Baltic:
    - Lithuanian: grúodas (“frost; frozen mud or street dirt”)
    - → Proto-Finnic: *routa (“frost on the ground”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Slavic: *grùda (“heap, lump”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *grautaz (“coarse, crude; big, large”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *greutaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *greutą (“grit, rubble”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *grautiz
- Proto-Germanic: *grūtiz, *grūtą
  - Proto-West Germanic:
    - Old English: grūt (“malt marsh”)
      - Middle English: growte, grout
        English: grout
    - Old High German:
      - Middle High German: grūz (“corn of sand or grain”)[7]
    - → Medieval Latin: grutum, grudum, grutdum (“flour, meal”)
  - Old Norse: grautr (“porridge”)
    - Icelandic: grautur
    - Faroese: greytur
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: graut
      - → Norwegian Bokmål: graut
    - Swedish: gröt
    - Danish: grød
      - Norwegian Bokmål: grøt
*gʰrewh₂-, *gʰreh₂w-[8]
- ⇒ *gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-
  - ⇒ *gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os
    - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grauˀźas (“crushed stone, gravel”)
      - Latvian: gruži pl (“crushed stone”)
      - Lithuanian: gráužas, graũžas (“gravel, coarse sand”)
      - Proto-Slavic: *gruzъ (“crushed stone, gravel”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʰrówh₂-mn̥ or *gʰróh₂u-mn̥
  - Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓwmə
    - Ancient Greek: χρῶμα (khrôma, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʰrówh₂-s or *gʰróh₂u-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓws
    - Ancient Greek: χρώς (khrṓs, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁 (a-ko-ro-we-e /(h)akʰroweʰe/)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: gŗaût (“to destroy, demolish, bring down”)
  - Lithuanian: griáuti (“to destroy, demolish”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - >? Ancient Greek: ἔχραον (ékhraon, “attack, assault”)
- Proto-Italic: *grūō
  - Latin: *gruō
    - ⇒? Latin: ingruō (“make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Italic: *grandis
  - ⇒ Latin: grandis (“large”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰer-

*gʰer-h₂d-
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeráts
  - >? Ancient Greek: χεράς (kherás, “pebble, gravel”)[7]
*gʰer-gʰr-o- (reduplicated)[7]
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰénkʰros (with dissimilation r…r > n…r)
  - >? Ancient Greek: κέγχρος (kénkhros, “grain of millet”)
*gʰ-n̥-gʰr-u-s (reduplicated and infixed)?
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰə́kʰrus
  - >? Ancient Greek: κάχρυς (kákhrus) (but probably Pre-Greek)[7]
*gʰér-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérmə
  - Ancient Greek: χέρμα (khérma)[7]
*gʰer-m-h₂d-
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰermáts
  - >? Ancient Greek: χερμάς (khermás, “stone (for throwing)”)

References

Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 169: “*ghrendh- ‘grind’”
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “frendō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 241
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*grindan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
Derksen, Rick (2015), “gręsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χόνδρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1643
Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 251
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κέγχρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 662
Derksen, Rick (2015), “griauti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187

[1] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 169: “*ghrendh- ‘grind’”

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “frendō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 241

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*grindan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190

[4] Derksen, Rick (2015), “gręsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χόνδρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1643

[6] Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 251

[Beekes-7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κέγχρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 662

[Derksen-8] Derksen, Rick (2015), “griauti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187