Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰeyǵʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*dʰeyǵʰ-[1][2][3][4][5]

to knead
to form, to shape

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeyǵʰ-

*dʰéyǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰiǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *diganą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáygdʰi
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáygdʰi
    - Sanskrit: देग्धि (dégdhi)
*dʰi-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: դիզանեմ (dizanem)
    - Armenian: դիզել (dizel)
- Proto-Celtic: *dingeti
  - Old Irish: dingid
  - Celtiberian: ambitinkounei
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: θιγγάνω (thingánō)
    - Byzantine Greek: Ἀθίγγανος (Athínganos)
      - Greek: Αθίγγανος (Athínganos)
- Proto-Italic: *fingō
  - Faliscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌚𐌉𐌊𐌄𐌃 (fifiked, 3sg.perf.), 𐌚𐌉𐌒𐌏𐌃 (fiqod, 3pl.perf.)
  - Latin: fingō
*dʰéyǵʰ-o-s[6]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáyȷ́ʰas, *dʰiȷ́ʰás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáyźʰas, *diźʰás
    - Sanskrit: देह (déha), देही (dehī́, “surrounding wall”)
      - Early Assamese: দেহা (deha)
        Assamese: দেহা (deha)
  - Proto-Iranian: *dáyjah, *dijáh
    - Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀‎ (daēza, “wall”)
    - Bactrian: λιζα (liza), λιζο (lizo)
    - Khwarezmian: dyzʾ
    - Northern Kurdish: diz (diz)
    - → Middle Persian: KLYTA / dc (diz, “fortress”) (borrowed from a Northwestern Iranian language); Manichaean: dyz (diz)
      - Persian: دز‎ (dez), دژ‎ (dež)
    - Old Persian: 𐎮𐎡𐎭𐎠 (didā-, “fortress”)
    - Parthian: dyz (diz)
    - Sogdian: [script needed] (ẟyz), [script needed] (ẟyzʾ)
    - ⇒ Iranian: *paridayjah (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *feiɣos
  - Faliscan: 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌔𐌔 (feíhúss, acc.pl.), 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌉𐌔 (feíhúis, abl.pl.)
*dʰéyǵʰ-os ~ *dʰéyǵʰ-es-os
- Proto-Hellenic: *téikʰos
  - Ancient Greek: τεῖχος (teîkhos)
    - Greek: τείχος (teíchos)
*dʰiǵʰ-rós
- Proto-Germanic: *digraz (“big, thick”) (see there for further descendants)
*dʰiǵʰ-tós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰigdʰás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *digdʰás
    - Sanskrit: दिग्ध (digdhá)
- Proto-Italic: *fiktos
  - Faliscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌕𐌀 (fita)
  - Latin: fictus (see there for further descendants)
*dʰóyǵʰ-o-s[7]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: դէզ (dēz) (or from *dʰeyǵʰ-os)
- Proto-Germanic: *daigaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *tóikʰos
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀵𐀒𐀈𐀗 (to-ko-do-mo /toikʰo-domos/)
  - Ancient Greek: τοῖχος (toîkhos)
    - Greek: τοίχος (toíchos)
*dʰoyǵʰ-yeh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *daiźjāˀ
  - Proto-Slavic: *děža (see there for further descendants)
*dʰoyǵʰ-y-on- or *dʰoyǵʰ-i-Hon-
- Proto-Germanic: *daigijǭ (“breadmaker, dairymaid, dey”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: figūra (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: देहि (dehi, “wall”)

From a metathesized form *ǵʰeydʰ-:

*ǵʰéydʰ-y-eh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źeidā́ˀtei
  - Lithuanian: žiẽsti
  - Proto-Slavic: *zьdati (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰeydʰ-o-s, *ǵʰеydʰ-i-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źéidas, *źеidis
  - Old Prussian: seydis (i.e. zeydis, with s due to German orthography)
  - Proto-Slavic: *zidъ, *zьdь (see there for further descendants)

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 140-141
Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τεῖχος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1458-1459
Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2003) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 311—316
Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 204

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 140-141

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τεῖχος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1458-1459

[5] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[6] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2003) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 311—316

[7] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 204