Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰer-

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*dʰer- (perfective)[1][2]

1. to support
2. to hold

See also

• *dʰerǵʰ- (“strong, robust”)
• *dʰers- (“to be bold”)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰar- (“hold, stop, bear, carry, receive, hold up right”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Slavic: *dьržati (“hold”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰer-

• *dʰr̥-tó ~ dʰr-n̥tó (root medio-passive aorist)[2][3]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádʰr̥ta
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰr̥ta
      • Sanskrit: अधृत (ádhṛta), धृथास् (dhṛthā́s)
    • Iranian: *Hádr̥ta
      • Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁‎ (dər^ətā, 3sg.med.inj.), 𐬛𐬭𐬍𐬙𐬁‎ (drītā, 3sg.med.opt.)
• *dʰér-e-ti (thematic present)[2][4]
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: derêt
    • Lithuanian: derė́ti
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰárati (see there for further descendants)
• *dʰí-dʰer-ti (reduplicated present)[2][3]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰídʰārti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dídʰārti
      • Sanskrit: दिधृतम् (didhṛtám)
    • Proto-Iranian: *dídarti
      • (perhaps) Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀-‎ (vidiδār^əmna-)
• *dʰe-dʰór-e ~ *dʰe-dʰr̥-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)[2][3]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰādʰártay
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dādʰártay
      • Sanskrit: दधार (dadhā́ra) / दाधार (dādhā́ra, 3sg.perf.), दध्रे (dadhré), दधर्तु (dadhártu, 3sg.impv.)
    • Proto-Iranian: *dādártay
      • Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬉‎ (dādrē, 3sg.perf.)

        Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬀‎ (daδāra, 3sg.perf.)

• *dʰor-éyeti[2][3][5]
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: darît
    • Lithuanian: darýti
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰāráyati (see there for further descendants)
• *dʰér-mn̥
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármā
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármā
      • Sanskrit: धर्मन् (dhárman)
• *dʰér-mos[6]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármas
      • Sanskrit: धर्म (dhárma) (see there for further descendants)
  • Lithuanian: darna
  • Proto-Italic: *fermos
    • Latin: firmus (“firm, strong, steadfast, enduring, stable”) (see there for further descendants)
• *dʰer-o-[7]
  • Proto-Italic: *feros, *feramos
    • Latin: ferē, fermē
• *dʰr-eh₁-nom[8]
  • Proto-Italic: *frēnom
    • Latin: frēnum (“bridle”) (see there for further descendants)
• *dʰr-eh₁-tos[9]
  • Proto-Italic: *frētos
    • Latin: frētus (“leaning on something”) (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Celtic:
    • Old Irish: drong (“troop, multitude, crowd”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *darnijaną (“to conceal”) (with nasalization) (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic
    • Ancient Greek: θράω (thráō, “to sit, to rest upon”)
    • Ancient Greek: θρᾶνος (thrânos, “bench, close-stool, supporting beam”)
    • Ancient Greek: θρῆνυς (thrênus, “footstool”)
    • Ancient Greek: θρόνος (thrónos, “seat, throne”)

References

1. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “dher-, dherə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 252-254
2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dʰer-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 145-146
3. Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*dar¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57-59
4. Derksen, Rick (2015), “derėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122
5. Derksen, Rick (2015), “daryti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 116
6. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “firmus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 223
7. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ferē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 212
8. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “frēnum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 241-242
9. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “frētus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 242-243