< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dóru
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Some argue that it is a deadjectival noun of *deru-, *drew- (“hard, firm, strong, solid”) with reflexes as Latin dūrus (“hard, rough”), Old English trum (“strong, firm”), Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “firm, solid”), and Ancient Greek δροόν (droón, “strong, mighty”).
Noun
*dóru n[1]
- tree
Inflection
Athematic, proterokinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *dóru | ||
genitive | *dréws | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *dóru | *dórwih₁ | *dóruh₂ |
vocative | *dóru | *dórwih₁ | *dóruh₂ |
accusative | *dóru | *dórwih₁ | *dóruh₂ |
genitive | *dréws | *? | *dréwoHom |
ablative | *dréws | *? | *drúmos |
dative | *dréwey | *? | *drúmos |
locative | *dréw, *dréwi | *? | *drúsu |
instrumental | *drúh₁ | *? | *drúmis |
Descendants
- Proto-Anatolian: *dōru-[2]
- Hittite: 𒋫𒊒 (taru), 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)
- Luwian: 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)
- Proto-Armenian:
- >? Old Armenian: տարր (tarr, “element, matter, substance”)[3][4]
- Proto-Hellenic: *dóru (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ru (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *or[5]
- Tocharian A: or (“wood”)
- Tocharian B: or (“wood”, sg.), ārwa (“firewood”, pl.)
- Proto-Celtic: *daru (-a- from oblique *darw-) (see there for further descendants)
Derived terms
- *dérw-i-s
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Luwian: [script needed] (tarwi(iya)-, “wooden beam”)
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: տորգ (torg, “*wooden framework; weaving, fabric, net”)
- Armenian: տորգ (torg, “wooden framework”)
- Old Armenian: տորգ (torg, “*wooden framework; weaving, fabric, net”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dárwiš
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dárwiṣ
- Sanskrit: दर्वि (dárvi, “spoon”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dárwiṣ
- Proto-Anatolian:
- *derw-ó-m[6][7][8]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dérwa (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *derwom (“firm; oak”)[8]
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Breton: daeru
- Middle Breton: deru, derw
- Breton: derv
- Middle Breton: deru, derw
- Cornish: derow
- Middle Welsh: derwen (sg.), derw (pl.)
- Welsh: derw
- Old Breton: daeru
- Old Irish: derb (< *derwā) (see there for further descendants)
- Gaulish: Dervo (toponym)
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Proto-Germanic: *terwą (“tar”) (see there for further descendants)
- *dréw-o-m[9]
- Proto-Germanic: *trewą (“tree”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *trewwō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *trewą (“tree”) (see there for further descendants)
- *dréw-no-m
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dráwnam
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dráwnam
- Sanskrit: द्रोण (dróṇa)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dráwnam
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dráwnam
- *druh₂ (collective)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: δρῦς (drûs, “tree, oak”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- der-drew-o-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: δένδρεον (déndreon)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *druh₂-ó-m[10][11]
- Proto-Albanian: *druwa
- Albanian: dru (“wood, tree”)
- Proto-Albanian: *druwa
- *dru-kós[12]
- >? Proto-Germanic: *trugaz (“trough”) (see there for further descendants)
- *dru-mos[13]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *drumas
- Proto-Slavic: *drъmъ (“thicket”)
- Bulgarian: дръ́мка (drǎ́mka)
- Russian: дром (drom) (dial.)
- Slovene: drmášča
- Proto-Slavic: *drъmъ (“thicket”)
- Proto-Germanic: *trumaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: δρυμός (drumós)
- Greek: δρυμός (drymós)
- Ancient Greek: δρυμός (drumós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- Sanskrit: द्रुम (druma)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *drumas
- *dru-k-tó-m[8]
- Proto-Celtic: *druxtom[8]
- Middle Irish: drochta (“tub, vessel”)
- Proto-Celtic: *druxtom[8]
- *dr̥w-eh₂ló-s
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Luwian: [script needed] (taruu̯al-, “mortar”)
- Hittite: 𒄑𒋻𒉿𒀀𒇷 (taru̯āli-, “pestle(?)”)
- → Old Armenian: տարգալ (targal)
- Proto-Anatolian:
- *sm̥-dVru-[14]
- Proto-Armenian:
- >? Old Armenian: անտառ (antaṙ, “forest”)
- Proto-Armenian:
- Unsorted formations
- Proto-Armenian:
- >? Old Armenian: տոռն (toṙn, “pestle”)
References
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “tāru-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 849
- Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “tarr”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 608–609
- Viredaz, Rémy (2017) La dissimilation d'aperture vocalique en arménien (loi d'Olsen) (in French), Handout of a paper presented at the 11th International Congress on Armenian Linguistics, Yerevan, 2‒5 October, 2017, page 29, citing de Lamberterie
- Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*drъvo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 122-123: “*deru-o-”
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*terwa/ōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 514: “*der-uo/eh₂-”
- Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “*derwo-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 96: “*derw-o-”
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*trewa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 522: “*dréu-o-”
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*drъvo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 122-123: “*dru(H)-o-”
- Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “*daru-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 91: “*drw-os”
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*truka-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 523: “*dru-kós”
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*truma- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 524: “*dru-mo-”
- Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “antaṙ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 95-96