Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dyḗws

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dyḗws

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From earlier *dyéws,[1] from *dyew- +‎ *-s.

Noun

*dyḗws m

1. sky, heaven
2. sky god

Inflection

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*dyḗws
genitive	*diwés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dyḗws	*dyéwh₁(e)	*dyéwes
vocative	*dyéw	*dyéwh₁(e)	*dyéwes
accusative	*dyḗm	*dyéwh₁(e)	*dyéwm̥s
genitive	*diwés	*?	*diwóHom
ablative	*diwés	*?	*diwmós
dative	*diwéy	*?	*diwmós
locative	*dyéw, *dyéwi	*?	*diwsú
instrumental	*diwéh₁	*?	*diwmís

Notes:

• Acc. sg. dyḗm (< *dyéw-m per Stang's law).
• Nom. sg. dyḗws (with ē from acc. case).
• For the name of the deity, *ph₂tḗr (“father”) is often added as an apposition, which inflects as well.

Compare with the attested Sanskrit forms

• द्यौः (dyáuḥ, nom.sg.)
• द्यौः (dyàuḥ, voc.sg.)
• द्याम् (dyā́m) / दिवम् (dívam, acc.sg.)
• दिवा (divā́) / दीवा (dīvā, instr.sg.)
• दिवे (dive) / द्यवे (dyave, dat.sg.)
• दिवः (diváḥ) / द्योः (dyóḥ, abl/gen.sg.)
• दिवि (diví) / द्यवि (dyávi, loc.sg.)
• द्यावा (dyāvā, nom.du.)
• द्यावः (dyā́vaḥ) / दिवः (divaḥ, nom.pl.)
• द्यून् (dyū́n) / दिवः (dívaḥ) / दिवः (diváḥ, acc.pl.)
• द्युभिस् (dyúbhis, instr.pl.))

Descendants

• Proto-Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒅆𒄿𒌑𒍑 (ši-i-ú-uš)
  • >? Urartian: 𒀭𒅆𒄿𒌑𒄿𒉌 (^dši-i-u₂-i-ni).
• Proto-Armenian: *tiw-
  • Old Armenian: տիւ (tiw)
• Proto-Hellenic: *Dzéus (“sky god, Zeus”) (see there for further descendants)
• Albanian: Zojz
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *djous (see there for further descendants)
• → English: Dyeus

Derived terms

• *dyḗws-ph₂tḗr
  • Proto-Hellenic: *dzéu patér (< vocative *dyéw-ph₂tér)
    • Ancient Greek: Ζεῦ πάτερ (Zeû páter)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš-pHtā́
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyā́wṣ-pHtā́
      • Vedic Sanskrit: द्यौष्पितृ (dyáuṣ-pitṛ́)
  • Proto-Italic: *djous patēr (see there for further descendants)

Further reading

• Martirosyan, Hrach (2019), “Traces of Indo-European ‘Father Sky, God’ in Armenian”, in U. Bläsing, J. Dum-Tragut, T.M. van Lint, editors, Armenian, Hittite, and Indo-European Studies: A Commemoration Volume for Jos J.S. Weitenberg (Hebrew University Armenian Studies; 15), Leuven: Peeters, pages 195–196

References

1. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 337