< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dwóh₁
 | This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Numeral
| < 1 | 2 | 3 > |
|---|---|---|
| Cardinal : *dwóh₁ Ordinal : *h₂énteros Adverbial : *dwís Fractional : *sēmi Prefix : *dwi- | ||
*dwóh₁
- two
Inflection
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *dwóh₁ | *dwéh₂h₁(e) | |
| genitive | *? | *? | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | — | *dwóh₁ | — |
| vocative | — | *dwóh₁ | — |
| accusative | — | *dwóh₁ | — |
| genitive | — | *? | — |
| ablative | — | *? | — |
| dative | — | *? | — |
| locative | — | *? | — |
| instrumental | — | *? | — |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | — | *dwéh₂h₁(e) | — |
| vocative | — | *dwéh₂h₁(e) | — |
| accusative | — | *dwéh₂h₁(e) | — |
| genitive | — | *? | — |
| ablative | — | *? | — |
| dative | — | *? | — |
| locative | — | *? | — |
| instrumental | — | *? | — |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | — | *dwóy(h₁) | — |
| vocative | — | *dwóy(h₁) | — |
| accusative | — | *dwóy(h₁) | — |
| genitive | — | *? | — |
| ablative | — | *? | — |
| dative | — | *? | — |
| locative | — | *? | — |
| instrumental | — | *? | — |
Derived terms
- *dwi- (compounds)
- >? *(h₁)wi-[1]
- ⇒ *(h₁)wí-ter-o-s (“further apart”), *(h₁)wí-ter-o-m (adverbial accusative)
- >? Latin: vitricus
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *witaras (< *(h₁)wi-tor-o-s)
- Proto-Slavic: *vъtorъ (“second”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wiþrą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)wítaras, *(H)wítaram
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(H)wítaras, *(H)wítaram
- Sanskrit: वितर (vitará), वितरम् (vitarám, “further apart; further, again”)
- Proto-Iranian: *(H)wítarah, *(H)wítaram
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (vītarəm, “further”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(H)wítaras, *(H)wítaram
- ⇒ *(h₁)wí-ter-o-s (“further apart”), *(h₁)wí-ter-o-m (adverbial accusative)
- >? *(h₁)wi-[1]
- *dwi-gʰo-
- Proto-Albanian: *duaigā (< *dwoy-gʰ-eh₂)
- Albanian: degë (“(forked) branch”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dweigas
- Proto-Slavic: *dvigъ (“branch”)
- Old Church Slavonic: двигъ (dvigŭ)
- Proto-Slavic: *dvigъ (“branch”)
- Proto-Germanic: *twīgą (“(forked) branch; twig”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Albanian: *duaigā (< *dwoy-gʰ-eh₂)
- *dwí-k-ō
- Proto-Germanic: *twihô
- Proto-West Germanic: *twihō (“doubt”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *twihô
- *dwi-pl-o-s (“double”)
- Proto-Germanic: *twīflaz (“doubt”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: διπλόος (diplóos), δῐπλᾱ́ς (diplā́s)
- Attic Greek: δῐπλοῦς (diploûs)
- Ionic Greek: δῐπλέος (dipléos)
- Greek: διπλός (diplós), δίπλα (dípla)
- Ancient Greek: διπλόος (diplóos), δῐπλᾱ́ς (diplā́s)
- Proto-Italic: *dwiplos
- Latin: duplus (see there for further descendants)
- *dwís (adverb)
- *dwis-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: διά (diá), δια- (dia-); διαί (diaí); ζά (zá); δι’ (di’)
- Greek: για (gia), διά (diá)
- Ancient Greek: διά (diá), δια- (dia-); διαί (diaí); ζά (zá); δι’ (di’)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *dwi-sk-
- Proto-Germanic: *twisk(j)a- (“twofold”)
- Old Saxon: twisk
- Old High German: zuiski, zwisk
- Middle High German: zwisc(h)
- ⇒ German: zwischen
- Middle High German: zwisc(h)
- Proto-Germanic: *twisk(j)a- (“twofold”)
- *dwi(s)-k-to- ?
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: δισσός (dissós), δίχα (díkha), διχθά (dikhthá)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *dwis-no-
- Proto-Germanic: *twinaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *du̯ino-
- Latin: bīnus (see there for further descendants)
- *(d)wi-tyo-[1] (with dissimilation *d…t > *(h₁)…t)
- Proto-Italic: *witjom
- Latin: vitium (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *witjom
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *duwō (see there for further descendants)
- Anatolian:
- Lycian: 𐊋𐊂𐊆 (kbi)
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: երկու (erku), երկ (erk)
- Armenian: երկու (erku), երկուս (erkus), երկուք (erkukʿ)
- Old Armenian: կրկին (krkin) (exact path of derivation disputed)
- Armenian: կրկին (krkin)
- Old Armenian: երկու (erku), երկ (erk)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *duwō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *dwau (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *twai (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *dúwō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáH (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *duō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: wu, we
- Tocharian B: wi
References
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vitium”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 684
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN