< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de
Proto-Indo-European
Particle
*de ~ *do or *-de ~ *-do[1]
- Emphatic or contrastive particle, and, but[2]
- Postpositive demonstrative particle, towards
Usage notes
The particle in Proto-Indo-European experienced ablaut between *de and *do but was otherwise indeclinable. Some daughter languages, particularly Italic, added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with particles *ḱe, *h₂ew, and *gʰe.[3]
Derived terms
- *deh₁ (innovative instr.sg.)[3][4][5]
- Proto-Celtic: *dī, *dī-
- Proto-Brythonic: *di
- Old Breton: di
- Middle Welsh: di, di-
- Old Irish: di, de, dí-
- Irish: de
- Manx: jeh
- Scottish Gaelic: de
- Proto-Brythonic: *di
- Proto-Hellenic: *dḗ
- Ancient Greek: δή (dḗ), δαί (daí)
- Proto-Italic: *dē
- Faliscan: de
- Latin: dē
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *dēteros
- Latin: dēterior
- Proto-Celtic: *dī, *dī-
- *doh₁ (innovative instr.sg.)[3]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dō
- Proto-Slavic: *da (see there for further descendants)
- Lithuanian: do
- Proto-Germanic: *tō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *-dō
- Latin: (quan)dō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
- Old Latin: dōnicum, dōnique
- Latin: dōnec
- Old Latin: dōnicum, dōnique
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dō
- *deh₂d (innovative abl.sg.f.)[3]
- Proto-Italic: *dād
- Oscan: dat, da-
- Umbrian: da-
- Proto-Italic: *dād
- *deh₂m (innovative acc.sg.f.)[3]
- Proto-Italic: *-dām
- Latin: -dam (e.g. quīdam, quondam)
- Proto-Italic: *-dām
- *dom (innovative acc.sg.m./n.)[3]
- Proto-Italic: *dom
- Latin: -dum, dum
- Proto-Italic: *dom
- *h₁n̥dó[6][7]
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *da[8]
- Lithuanian: da-
- Latvian: da
- Proto-Slavic: *do (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *do[9]
- Old Irish: do, du
- Proto-Germanic: *ta
- Proto-Hellenic: *dé[10]
- Ancient Greek: δέ (dé)
- Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “but”) (e.g. 𐀅𐀗𐀆 (da-mo-de /dāmos de/, “but the people”))
- Proto-Hellenic: *-de[11]
- Ancient Greek: -δε (-de) (e.g. ὅδε (hóde), δόμονδε (dómonde), Ἀθήναζε (Athḗnaze)), δεῦρο (deûro)
- Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “towards”) (e.g. 𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆 (ku-do-ni-ja-de /Kudōnijān-de/), 𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆 (a-mo-te-jo-na-de /harmoteiōna-de/, “to the wheelwright”))
- Proto-Italic: *-de[12]
- Latin: -de (e.g. quamde/quande, inde, unde)
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *kʷomde (“when”)
- Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌍 (pún), 𐌐𐌖𐌍 (pun); 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌 (punum) (< *kʷomdum)
- Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌄 (pune), 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌉 (puni)
References
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 183
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, 2nd edition, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, §17.3, page 249
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-dam, -dē, -dō, -dum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*dī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 97
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “δή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 322
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “endo, indu(-), indi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἔνδον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 421-422
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*do”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109
- Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*do”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 102
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “δέ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “-δε”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-de”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162