Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰrekʷ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*bʰarekʷ-, *bʰₔrekʷ-[1], *bʰerk-[2], *bʰrak-[3], *bʰreg-[4]

Etymology

Reconstructed with a labiovelar to include Latin frequēns[5], but due to this unusual root structure, possibly a substrate borrowing.[6]

Root

*bʰrekʷ-[5]

to condense
to crowd together

Derived terms

*bʰr̥kʷ-yé-ti (“ye-present”)[5][2][4]
- Proto-Italic: *farkjō[4]
  - Latin: farciō (“to cram, fill completely, stuff”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰrakʷjō (possibly[1], or perhaps from *bʰerǵʰ- (“to be high; to rise”))
  - Ancient Greek: φράσσω (phrássō, “to fence”)
*bʰr̥kʷ-s-[4]
- Proto-Italic: *fraksō (“to patrol”)
  - Latin: fraxō
*bʰrékʷ-nt-s ~ *bʰr̥kʷ-nt-ós[5][4]
- Proto-Italic: *frekʷents
  - Latin: frequēns (“occurring at close intervals”)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “*bharek^u̯-, *bhₔrek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 110-111
Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 488-489
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, pages 383-384
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “farciō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 202
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰrek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 93-94
Corbeau, Alain Louis (2013) Phonological Root Structure Constraints in Proto-Indo-European (ResMA thesis), Alwin Kloekhorst, supervisor, Leiden: Leiden University, page 38

[IEW-1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “*bharek^u̯-, *bhₔrek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 110-111

[Schrijver-2] Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 488-489

[3] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, pages 383-384

[EDL-4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “farciō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 202

[LIV-5] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰrek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 93-94

[6] Corbeau, Alain Louis (2013) Phonological Root Structure Constraints in Proto-Indo-European (ResMA thesis), Alwin Kloekhorst, supervisor, Leiden: Leiden University, page 38