Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰeydʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰeydʰ- (imperfective)[1]

to compel, force
to trust

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeydʰ-

*bʰéydʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)
*bʰéydʰ-e-tor (deponent)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáydʰatay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *báydʰatay
    - Sanskrit: बाधते (bā́dhate)
*bʰe-bʰóydʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰidʰ-ḗr (stative)
*bʰidʰ-tó-s[2]
*bʰeydʰ-os
- Proto-Hellenic: *peitʰos
  - Ancient Greek: πειθός (peithós, “persuasive, credible, faithful”)[2] (⇒ Εὐπείθης (Eupeíthēs), εὐπειθής (eupeithḗs, “persuadable”); ἀπειθής (apeithḗs, “unconvinced, disobedient”))
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaydʰás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *baydʰás
    - Sanskrit: बाध (bādhá)
- Proto-Italic: *feiðos
  - Old Latin: fīdus (“loyal, faithful, ally”)[2]
  - Latin: foedus (“treaty, pact, alliance”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáydʰas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *báydʰas
    - Sanskrit: बाधस् (bā́dhas)
*bʰoydʰ-éh₂
- Proto-Albanian: *baidā[3]
  - Albanian: bē (“oath, swearing”)[2][4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baidāˀ
  - Latvian: bads
  - Proto-Slavic: *běda (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *baidō[2]
  - Old English: bād (“pledge; expectation”)
  - Old High German: bīta (“expectation, hesitation, wait”)
*bʰeydʰ-ti-s
- Proto-Albanian: *baitši
  - Albanian: besë
- >? Proto-Celtic: *banssus[5] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pítstis
  - Ancient Greek: πί̆στῐς (pístis)[2]
*bʰoydʰ-éye-ti
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baideitei
  - Proto-Slavic: *běditi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *baidijaną (see there for further descendants)

Reconstruction notes

The Sanskrit forms with long ā can be explained as an irregular development of earlier *ay < *ey/*oy.

References

Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*bʰei̯dʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 12
Schumacher, Stefan; Matzinger, Joachim (2013) Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Albanische Forschungen; 33) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 236
Orel, Vladimir (1998), “be”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 20
Trumper, John. "Some Celto‑Albanian isoglosses and their implications." Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond. In honour of Leonardo M. Savoia (2018).

[Ringe_2006-1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[NIL-2] Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*bʰei̯dʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 12

[3] Schumacher, Stefan; Matzinger, Joachim (2013) Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Albanische Forschungen; 33) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 236

[4] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “be”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 20

[5] Trumper, John. "Some Celto‑Albanian isoglosses and their implications." Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond. In honour of Leonardo M. Savoia (2018).