< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰer-
Proto-Indo-European
Root
*bʰer- (imperfective)[1]
- to bear, carry
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰer-
- *bʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)
- *bʰér-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Albanian: *berja (see there for further descendants)
- *bʰor-éye-ti (causative-iterative)
- *bʰr̥-yé-ti (yé-present)[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *burjaną (see there for further descendants)
- *bʰer-H-men[3]
- Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *bèrmę (“load, burden”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárHmā
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHmā
- Sanskrit: भरीमन् (bhárīman)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHmā
- Balto-Slavic:
- *bʰēr-eh₂[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *bērō
- *bʰer-h₁dyeh₂[5]
- Proto-Slavic: *berďa (“pregnant”)
- *bʰér-h₁-tr-o-m[6]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéretron
- Ancient Greek: φέρετρον (phéretron, “bier, litter, frame”)[7] (see there for further descendants)
- >? Ancient Greek: φαρέτρᾱ (pharétrā, “quiver”) (from the plural) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárHtram
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHtram
- Sanskrit: भरित्र (bharítram-, “arm”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHtram
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéretron
- *bʰér-ist(H)-o-s[8]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéristos
- Ancient Greek: φέριστος (phéristos, “strongest-carrying ?”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárištʰas
- Proto-Iranian: *bárištah
- Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (bairišta, “helping best”, voc.)
- Proto-Iranian: *bárištah
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéristos
- *bʰér-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥-mén-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérmə
- Ancient Greek: φέρμᾰ (phérma, “fruit of the womb/earth”)[7]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárma
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárma
- Sanskrit: भर्मन् (bhárman)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárma
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérmə
- *bʰer-n-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰernā́
- Ancient Greek: φερνή (phernḗ, “dowry”)[9]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰernā́
- *bʰer-no-
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: բեռն (beṙn)
- Balto-Slavic:
- Latgalian: bārns (“child”)
- Latvian: bērns (“child”)
- Lituanian: bernas (“young, unmarried man; child; boy; servant”)
- Sudovian: barnaj (“children”)
- Armenian:
- *bʰer-n-yo-m
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérnyom
- Ancient Greek: φέρνιον (phérnion, “fish-basket”)[10]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérnyom
- *bʰer-ont-ih₂ ~ *bʰer-ont-y-eh₂
- Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: preṃtsa (“pregnant [of a woman]; potent [of a man]”)[11]
- Tocharian:
- *bʰér-ti-s (“the act of carrying, bearing”)
- *bʰér-tr-o-m[6]
- Proto-Germanic: *berdrą (< *bʰer(H)tróm)
- Proto-West Germanic: *berdr
- Old English: beordor (“birth”)
- Proto-West Germanic: *berdr
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰértron
- Ancient Greek: φέρτρον (phértron, “bier”)[7]
- Proto-Germanic: *berdrą (< *bʰer(H)tróm)
- *bʰṓr (“thief”)
- *bʰor-éh₂
- Proto-Albanian: *barā[12]
- Albanian: barrë (“burden, load”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰorā́
- Ancient Greek: φορᾱ́ (phorā́)
- Proto-Albanian: *barā[12]
- *bʰor-id-eh₂[13]
- Proto-Italic: *for(i)dā
- Latin: forda (“cow in calf”)
- Proto-Italic: *for(i)dā
- *bʰor-mo-
- Proto-Germanic: *barmaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰormos
- (perhaps) Ancient Greek: φορμός (phormós)
- *bʰor-n-eh₂
- Proto-Albanian: *barnā[14]
- Albanian: barrë (“pregnancy; foetus, child”)
- Proto-Albanian: *barnā[14]
- *bʰor-no-m[15]
- Proto-Germanic: *barną (see there for further descendants)
- bʰór-o-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰóros
- Ancient Greek: φόρος (phóros, “tribute”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáras
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáras
- Sanskrit: भर (bhára)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáras
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰóros
- *bʰor-ó-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰorós
- Ancient Greek: φορός (phorós, “bearing, carrying, tending”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰārás
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰārás
- Sanskrit: भार (bhārá-, “bearing, carrying, bringing; bestowing, granting; burden, load, weight”)
- Proto-Iranian: *bāráh
- Avestan: 𐬠𐬁𐬭𐬀 (bāra)
- Old Median: *-βārə́h
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰārás
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰorós
- *bʰor-uko-[16]
- Proto-Albanian: *báruka
- Albanian: bark (“belly, abdomen, womb”)
- Illyrian: *βαρυκα
- Proto-Albanian: *báruka
- *bʰr̥-tew-no-
- Proto-Italic: *fortūnā
- Latin: fortūna
- Proto-Italic: *fortūnā
- *h₂ed-bʰer-[17][18]
- Proto-Celtic: *adbertā
- Old Irish: ad-opair (“(s)he sacrifices”)[17][18]
- Old Welsh: aperth (“animal sacrifice, offering, prayer”)[17][18]
- Welsh: aberth
- Breton: aberzh
- *h₂ed-bʰer-e-ti
- Proto-Germanic: *atberaną (see there for further descendants)
- Phrygian: αββερετ (abberet)
- *h₂ed-bʰer-tōr
- Proto-Italic: *adfertōr
- Umbrian: arsfertur, arsfetur (“priest”)[17][18]
- Proto-Italic: *adfertōr
- Proto-Celtic: *adbertā
- Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
- Albanian: bir (“son”)[19]
- Proto-Germanic: *bringaną[20] (probably) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *buriz (“son”)[21] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *burþį̄ (see there for further descendants)
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: -աւոր (-awor)
- Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: ber̃ždžias, ber̃gždžias (“barren (of a cow)”)
- Proto-Slavic: *bèrďь (“pregnant”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: φορεύς (phoreús, “bearer”)[7]
- Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit: भार (bhārá) (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
- Latin: fordus (“pregnant”)
- Albanian:
- Extended form *bʰr-ew-
- (possibly) *bʰrews- (“belly”)[22]
- *bʰrews-o-[23]
- Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *břȗxo, *břȗxъ (“belly”)[23] (see there for further descendants)
- Balto-Slavic:
- *bʰrus-on-[22]
- Proto-Celtic: *brusū (“belly, abdomen, chest, breast”)[22] (see there for further descendants)
- Unsorted formations:
- Germanic:
- *breustą (“breast, chest”) (see there for further descendants)
- *brusts (“breast, chest”) (see there for further descendants)
- Germanic:
- *bʰrews-o-[23]
References
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*burjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bèrmę”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bērō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1974), “*berdja”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 1 (*a – *besědьlivъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 188
- Olsen, Birgit Anette (1988) The Proto-Indo-European Instrument Noun Suffix *-tlom and its Variants (Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser; 55), Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, →ISBN, page 10: “1.13 *bʰer(h₁)-(e)-trom”
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “φέρω, -ομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1562–1563
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “φέριστος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “φερνή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “φέρνιον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562
- Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “preṃtsa”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 452-453
- Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 92
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “forda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 232
- Orel, Vladimir (1998), “barrë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 19
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*barna-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
- Orel, Vladimir (1998), “bark”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 18
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Sacrifice”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 496
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 413
- Orel, Vladimir (1998), “bir”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 26
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bringan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 77
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*buri-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85
- Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bruson-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 81
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bŗȗxo; *bŗȗxъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 63