Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰeh₂g-

< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰeh₂g-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction

This root could presumably have an *a, but the short vowel of Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰaga- can easily be explained by Lubotsky's Law, from the loss of the laryngeal in front of a voiced stop plus another consonant; this condition would have existed, for instance, in athematic verb forms, such as *bʰegs-.[1][2]

Alternative reconstructions

• *bʰag-[1]

Root

*bʰeh₂g-

1. to divide, distribute, allot

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeh₂g-

• *bʰeh₂g-t (zero-grade athematic root aorist)[3]
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate, devoured ← *I received a share”)
• *bʰeh₂g-s-(éye-)ti (zero-grade sigmatic aorist/desiderative)[3]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰakšás, *bʰakšáyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰakṣás, *bʰakṣáyati
      • Sanskrit: भक्ष (bhakṣá, “food, drink, delight”), भक्षयति (bhakṣáyati, “to consume”)
        • Pali: bhakkha
    • Proto-Iranian: *baxšáh (“to bestow, divide, have a share; to give, apportion”)
      • Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬑𐬱‎ (baxš)
      • Middle Persian: bhš- (baxš-)
        • Persian: بخشیدن‎ (baxšidan), بخش‎ (baxš)
      • → Old Armenian: բաշխեմ (bašxem), բաշխ (bašx)
• *bʰéh₂g-e-ti (e-grade thematic root present)[1]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáǰati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáȷ́ati
      • Sanskrit: भजति (bhájati)
    • Proto-Iranian: *báǰati (“to bestow, divide, have a share; to give, apportion”)[4]
      • Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬲‎ (baž)
      • → Old Armenian: բաժանեմ (bažanem, “to divide”), բաժին (bažin, “portion”), բաժակ (bažak, “cup”)
      • ⇒ Iranian: *bāǰím (“tribute, tax”)[5]
        • Old Persian: 𐎲𐎠𐎪𐎶 (b-a-ji-m /bājim/)
          • Middle Persian: bʾc (bāj)
            • Persian: باج‎ (bāj), باژ‎ (bāž)
        • → Old Armenian: բաժ (baž)
        • → Old Georgian: ბაჟი (baži)
• *bʰoh₂g-éye-ti (o-grade with causative suffix -éye)[1]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāǰáyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāȷ́áyati
      • Sanskrit: भाजयति (bhājáyati)
        • Pali: bhājeti
• *bʰeh₂g-(e)h₂ (feminine or collective)[6]
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: բակ (bak, “courtyard; sheep pen; sun or moon halo ← *landed allotment, encircled estate”) (alternatively, a borrowing from the Indo-Iranian cognate *bʰāgás)
• *bʰoh₂g-ó-s m (“portion, share”)[6][3]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāgás (see there for further descendants)
• *bʰeh₂g-ó-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰagás (see there for further descendants)
• *bʰéh₂g-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂g-téy-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktíš
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰaktíṣ
      • Sanskrit: भक्ति (bhaktí, “distribution, partition, separation”) (see there for further descendants)
• *bʰeh₂g-tó-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktás (see there for further descendants)
• *bʰóh₂g-s ~ *bʰéh₂g-s (“allotment”, athematic noun)
  • (possibly) Proto-Germanic: *bōks (“book < *letter, writing < *identifying marks”) (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Tocharian: *pāke (“part, portion, share, piece”)[7] (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)
    • Tocharian A: pāk
    • Tocharian B: pāke
  • Proto-Slavic: *bogъ

References

1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 65
2. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, 2nd edition, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
3. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “φαγεῖν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1543
4. Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1–2
5. Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2003) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 55
6. Martirosyan, Hrach (2013), “The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian”, in Journal of Language Relationship‎, issue 10, page 99
7. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 388—389

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 107