Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*bʰedʰ-[1][2][3]
*bʰedʰh₁-[4]

Etymology

The root is considered to be a member of the so-called molō-present class[4] - roots which conjugate with the early h₂e-conjugation in present and exhibit R(e/o)-ablaut.

Root

*bʰedʰh₂-[5]

to dig, burrow
to pierce, stab

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰedʰh₂-

*bʰédʰh₂-e-ti (root thematic present)[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bestei (“to pierce, stab”)
  - Lithuanian: bèsti
  - Latvian: best
  - Old Prussian: embaddusisi (npl.ptc.pf.act.)
  - Proto-Slavic: *bosti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰódʰh₂-ey ~ *bʰdʰh₂-énti[6][7]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒁁𒁕𒀀𒄿 (pád-da-a-i /páddāi/, “to dig”), [script needed] (pád-da-i)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bádīˀtei (“to pierce, stab”)
  - Latvian: badît
  - Lithuanian: badýti
  - Proto-Slavic: *bodìti
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *boďati
      - ⇒ Old Church Slavonic: пробождати (proboždati)
- Proto-Italic: *foðjō[7]
  - Latin: fodiō (“to pierce; to dig”)
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *fossā (⇐ *fossos (pp.) < *bʰodʰh₂-tó-s)
    - Latin: fossa (“ditch, trench”)
      - → Ancient Greek: φόσσα (phóssa)[8]
        → Old Armenian: փոս (pʿos)[8]
        → Georgian: ფოსო (poso)[8]
- Proto-Tocharian: *pāt- (“to plow”)
  - Tocharian A: pāt-[9]

*bʰédʰh₂-os
- Proto-Celtic: *bedos (“grave, ditch”)[10]
  - Proto-Brythonic: *beð
    - Middle Breton: bez
    - Cornish: beth
    - Middle Welsh: bedd

*bʰódʰh₂-r̥ ~ *bʰédʰh₂-n̥s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰádʰHr̥ ~ *bʰádʰHas
  - Proto-Iranian: *bádHr̥ ~ *bádHah (“spade, shovel”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰodʰh₂-wo-s[11]
- Proto-Celtic: *bodwos (“fight”)[12][11]
  - Old Breton: bodou (“crow”)
  - Middle Irish: bodb (“goddess of death in war”)
- Proto-Germanic: *badwō (“battle, fight”)[13] (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰodʰh₂-yó-m (possibly[14], or perhaps < *bʰh₁-tó-s < *bʰeh₁- (“to warm”)[15])
- Proto-Germanic: *badją (“bed, bedding”) (see there for further descendants)

References

Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2249
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 372
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “bhedh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 113-114
Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, page 74
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰedʰh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 66
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page padda-ⁱ / padd- of 654-655
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “fodiō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 229
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “p‘os”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 652-653
Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “ˣpāto”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 391
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bedo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 59-60
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bodwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 70
Koch, John (2004), “*bodwā-, *bodwo-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*badwō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 47
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*badja”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 46
Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009), “bed”, in An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 201 of 33-34

[HCHIEL-1] Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2249

[Mallory_dig-2] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 372

[IEW-3] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “bhedh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 113-114

[Jasanoff-4] Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, page 74

[LIV-5] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰedʰh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 66

[6] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page padda-ⁱ / padd- of 654-655

[EDL-7] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “fodiō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 229

[EDAIL-8] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “p‘os”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 652-653

[9] Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “ˣpāto”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 391

[10] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bedo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 59-60

[EDPC-11] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bodwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 70

[12] Koch, John (2004), “*bodwā-, *bodwo-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[13] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*badwō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 47

[14] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*badja”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 46

[15] Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009), “bed”, in An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 201 of 33-34