Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/īhwaz

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Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/īhwaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *īgwō, *īwaz, *īwō[1]

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw- (“yew”), with probably intrusive *-gw-/-hw- from *-w-. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *iwos, *īwos.[1]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈiː.xʷɑz/[2]

Noun

*īhwaz m

1. yew
2. name of the I-rune

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *īhwaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*īhwaz	*īhwōz, *īhwōs
vocative	*īhw	*īhwōz, *īhwōs
accusative	*īhwą	*īhwanz
genitive	*īhwas, *īhwis	*īhwǫ̂
dative	*īhwai	*īhwamaz
instrumental	*īhwō	*īhwamiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *īhu
  • Old English: īw, ēow, ēoh
    • Middle English: ew, u, iw, iv, eev, hw, ewe
      • English: yew
      • Scots: yew, ewe
      • Yola: yew
  • Old Saxon: īh, īch
    • Middle Low German: îve, yue, iwe
  • Old Dutch: *īwa
    • Middle Dutch: ieve, ijf (possibly a reborrowing from Latin or Romance)
      • Dutch: ijf
  • Old High German: īwa, eiba, īgo, īga, īha f
    • Middle High German: īwe, ībe
      • Alemannic German: Iche, Ige
      • Cimbrian: aiba
      • German: Eibe
      • Yiddish: אייבנבוים‎ (eybnboym)
  • → Late Latin: ivus, *iva
    • Spanish: iva
    • Old French: if
      • Middle French: if
        • French: if
      • Norman: if
• Old Norse: ýr
  • Icelandic: ýr
  • Swedish: idegran

References

1. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*īwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 271
2. Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*īxwaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 203–204