< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ārijaz
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Usually held to be a borrowing from Latin -ārius; at the very least, it was probably influenced and reinforced by it.
However, Gąsiorowski instead suggests that *-ārijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂, creating a suffix *-sr-ih₂ for forming feminine agent nouns, which were then masculinised by attaching *-ós. He also suggests a relation to Proto-West Germanic *-astrijā.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɑː.ri.jɑz/
Noun
*-ārijaz m
- -er. Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Inflection
masculine ja-stemDeclension of *-ārijaz (masculine ja-stem) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | *-ārijaz | *-ārijōz, *-ārijōs | |
vocative | *-ārī | *-ārijōz, *-ārijōs | |
accusative | *-āriją | *-ārijanz | |
genitive | *-ārijas, *-ārīs | *-ārijǫ̂ | |
dative | *-ārijai | *-ārijamaz | |
instrumental | *-ārijō | *-ārijamiz |
Synonyms
- *-jô
- *-ndz
Derived terms
Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-ārijaz
Descendants
This suffix was conflated with the suffixal use of the noun *warjaz in many languages, eventually causing both to be treated as one.
- Proto-West Germanic: *-ārī
- Old English: -ere, -re
- Middle English: -ere, -are, -er
- English: -er
- Scots: -ar
- Middle English: -ere, -are, -er
- Old Frisian: -ere
- Saterland Frisian: -er
- West Frisian: -er
- Old Saxon: -āri
- Middle Low German: -ære, -ēre, -ere
- Low German: -er
- Middle Low German: -ære, -ēre, -ere
- Old Dutch: *-āri, -ere
- Middle Dutch: -ere
- Dutch: -er, -aar
- Afrikaans: -er
- Limburgish: -er
- Dutch: -er, -aar
- Middle Dutch: -ere
- Old High German: -āri, -ari, -eri
- Middle High German: -ære, -er
- Alemannic German: -er
- Cimbrian: -ar
- German: -er
- Luxembourgish: -er
- Yiddish: ־ער (-er)
- Middle High German: -ære, -er
- Old English: -ere, -re
- Proto-Norse:
- Old Norse: -ari
- Icelandic: -ari
- Faroese: -ari
- Norwegian Nynorsk: -ar; (dialectal) -ari, -are, -ær
- Westrobothnian: -ar, -er (Kalix)
- Swedish: -are
- Danish: -er
- Norwegian Bokmål: -er
- → Finnish: -ari, -uri
- Old Norse: -ari
- Gothic: -𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (-āreis)
- → Proto-Slavic: *-ařь (see there for further descendants)
References
- Piotr Gąsiorowski (17 November 2017), “Cherchez la femme: Two Germanic suffixes, one etymology”, in Folia Linguistica Historica, volume 51, issue s38, DOI:, pages 125–147