< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwinhaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Alternative reconstructions
- *þwinganą[1]
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *twenk- (“to squeeze, press, pressure”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈθwiŋ.xɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*þwinhaną[2]
- to constrain
- to force
Inflection
Conjugation of *þwinhaną (strong class 3)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *þwinhō | *þwinhaų | — | *þwinhai | *? |
| 2nd singular | *þwinhizi | *þwinhaiz | *þwinh | *þwinhazai | *þwinhaizau |
| 3rd singular | *þwinhidi | *þwinhai | *þwinhadau | *þwinhadai | *þwinhaidau |
| 1st dual | *þwinhōz | *þwinhaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *þwinhadiz | *þwinhaidiz | *þwinhadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *þwinhamaz | *þwinhaim | — | *þwinhandai | *þwinhaindau |
| 2nd plural | *þwinhid | *þwinhaid | *þwinhid | *þwinhandai | *þwinhaindau |
| 3rd plural | *þwinhandi | *þwinhain | *þwinhandau | *þwinhandai | *þwinhaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *þwanh | *þwungį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *þwanht | *þwungīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *þwanh | *þwungī | |||
| 1st dual | *þwungū | *þwungīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *þwungudiz | *þwungīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *þwungum | *þwungīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *þwungud | *þwungīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *þwungun | *þwungīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *þwinhandz | *þwunganaz | |||
Related terms
- *þwangiz
Descendants
- West Germanic: *þwingan
- Old Frisian: thwinga
- Old Saxon: thwingan
- Middle Low German: dwingen
- Old Dutch: thwingan
- Middle Dutch: dwingen
- Dutch: dwingen
- Middle Dutch: dwingen
- Old High German: dwingan
- Middle High German: dwingen, twingen
- German: zwingen
- Middle High German: dwingen, twingen
- Old Norse: [Term?]
- Norwegian: twinga
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*þwinganan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 431
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þwinhan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 556