< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þweraną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *(s)twérH-e-ti, from *(s)twerH- (“to stir; to propel”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈθwe.rɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*þweraną
- to swirl, turn, stir
Inflection
Conjugation of *þweraną (strong class 4)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *þwerō | *þweraų | — | *þwerai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *þwirizi | *þweraiz | *þwer | *þwerazai | *þweraizau |
| 3rd singular | *þwiridi | *þwerai | *þweradau | *þweradai | *þweraidau |
| 1st dual | *þwerōz | *þweraiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *þweradiz | *þweraidiz | *þweradiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *þweramaz | *þweraim | — | *þwerandai | *þweraindau |
| 2nd plural | *þwirid | *þweraid | *þwirid | *þwerandai | *þweraindau |
| 3rd plural | *þwerandi | *þwerain | *þwerandau | *þwerandai | *þweraindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *þwar | *þwērį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *þwart | *þwērīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *þwar | *þwērī | |||
| 1st dual | *þwērū | *þwērīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *þwērudiz | *þwērīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *þwērum | *þwērīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *þwērud | *þwērīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *þwērun | *þwērīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *þwerandz | *þuranaz | |||
Derived terms
- *þurjaną
- *þwarǭ
- *þwēriz
- *þwirilaz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *þweran
- Old English: þweran
- Old Saxon: *thweran
- Middle Low German: dwēren
- Old High German: *dweran, *tweran
- Middle High German: dweren, dwërn, tweren, twërn
- German: zweren (obsolete)
- Bavarian: zweren
- Middle High German: dweren, dwërn, tweren, twërn
- Old Norse: *þwera
- Norwegian: tvære
- Swedish: tvära (dialectal)
- Westrobothnian: tsvara, tvära
- Angermannic: tvära
- Danish: tvære
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þweran-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555