< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þurbaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *tetórpe, from *terp- (“to satiate”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈθur.βɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*þurbaną
- to need, to require
- to have to
Inflection
Conjugation of *þurbaną (preterite-present)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *þarf | *þurbį̄ | — | — | — |
| 2nd singular | *þarft | *þurbīz | — | — | — |
| 3rd singular | *þarf | *þurbī | — | — | — |
| 1st dual | *þurbū | *þurbīw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *þurbudiz | *þurbīdiz | — | — | — |
| 1st plural | *þurbum | *þurbīm | — | — | — |
| 2nd plural | *þurbud | *þurbīd | — | — | — |
| 3rd plural | *þurbun | *þurbīn | — | — | — |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *þurftǭ | *þurftēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *þurftēz | *þurftēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *þurftē | *þurftēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *þurftēdū | *þurftēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *þurftēdudiz | *þurftēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *þurftēdum | *þurftēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *þurftēdud | *þurftēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *þurftēdun | *þurftēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *þurbandz | *þurftaz | |||
Derived terms
- *þurftiz
- *þarbaz
- *þarbō
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *þurban
- Old English: þurfan
- Middle English: tharen
- English: thair (dialectal)
- Scots: thair
- Middle English: tharen
- Old Saxon: thurvan, thurƀan
- Middle Low German: dürven, dörven, dröven
- Low German: dörven, dröven, dröffen
- Middle Low German: dürven, dörven, dröven
- Old Dutch: thurvan
- Middle Dutch: dorven
- Dutch: durven (conflated in meaning with dorren)
- Afrikaans: durf
- Javindo: durref
- Negerhollands: derv, dėfo
- → Papiamentu: dùrf
- Limburgish: dörve
- Dutch: durven (conflated in meaning with dorren)
- Middle Dutch: dorven
- Old High German: durfan (f by backformation, this f is generally fortis as if from Germanic *p)
- Middle High German: durfen, dürfen
- Alemannic German: törfe
- Central Franconian: dürve, durfe, dearfe
- Luxembourgish: däerfen, duerfen, dierfen
- German: dürfen
- Yiddish: דאַרפֿן (darfn)
- Middle High German: durfen, dürfen
- Old English: þurfan
- Old Norse: þurfa
- Icelandic: þurfa
- Faroese: tørva, tarva
- Norwegian: turva, turve
- Old Swedish: þorva, þarva
- Swedish: torva (archaic), Swedish: tarva (archaic)
- Danish: tarve
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (þaurban)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN