Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-þiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-tis. See also *-iþō.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /θiz/

Noun

*-þiz f

Forms abstract nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.

Inflection

i-stemDeclension of *-þiz (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*-þiz	*-þīz
vocative	*-þi	*-þīz
accusative	*-þį	*-þinz
genitive	*-þīz	*-þijǫ̂
dative	*-þī	*-þimaz
instrumental	*-þī	*-þimiz

Usage notes

There are several variant forms based on the final consonant of the stem and the original position of the accent:

Ending in a dental: *-siz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
Ending in an obstruent: *-tiz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
Accent on the suffix in PIE: *-diz (with Verner's Law applied)
Ending in an nasal: *-stiz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
Otherwise: *-þiz

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-þiz

Synonyms

*-iþō

Descendants

This suffix was no longer productive in the daughter languages, except in Gothic. The following lists outcomes of derived terms.

Proto-West Germanic: *-þi, *-ti
- Old English: -þ, -d, -t
  - Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe; -t, -te (conflated with -þ < *-þuz)
    - English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
    - Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
- Old Saxon: -th
- Old Dutch: *-t
  - Dutch: -d, -t
- Old High German: -d
  - German: -d
Proto-Norse:
- Old Norse: -ðr
  - Icelandic: -ður
  - Faroese: -ður
  - Swedish: -d
  - Danish: -d
Gothic: -𐌸𐍃 (-þs)