Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wulfaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *wúlkʷos, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos. The *f is unexplained; the expected formation would be *wulhwaz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwul.ɸɑz/

Noun

*wulfaz m

wolf

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *wulfaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*wulfaz	wulfōz, wulfōs
vocative	*wulf	wulfōz, wulfōs
accusative	*wulfą	*wulfanz
genitive	wulfas, wulfis	*wulfǫ̂
dative	*wulfai	*wulfamaz
instrumental	*wulfō	*wulfamiz

Derived terms

*Wulfagaizaz
*Wulfagangaz
*Wulfarīks
*Audawulfaz
*Aþalawulfaz
*Gunþiwulfaz
*Hariwulfaz, *Harjawulfaz
*Haþuwulfaz
*Heruwulfaz
*Hrōþiwulfaz
*Landawulfaz
*Nanþawulfaz
*Rēdawulfaz
*Uzdawulfaz
*Wiljawulfaz

Related terms

*wulgī
*wulbī

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *wulf
- Old English: wulf
  - Middle English: wolf, wulf, woulf, wolfe
    - English: wolf
      - → Ido: volfo (also from German)
    - Scots: wolf, woulf, wouff
- Old Frisian: wolf
  - Saterland Frisian: Wulf
  - West Frisian: wolf
- Old Saxon: wulf
  - Middle Low German: wulf
    - Low German:
      - German Low German:
        Hamburgisch: Wulf
      - Westphalian:
        Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Wulf
        Suerländer-Märkisch: Wulf
        Westmünsterländisch: Wulf
    - Plautdietsch: Wulf
- Old Dutch: *wulf
  - Middle Dutch: wolf
    - Dutch: wolf
      - Afrikaans: wolf
      - Jersey Dutch: wâlf
      - Negerhollands: wuluwuluk
        → Virgin Islands Creole: wuluwuluk (dated)
    - Limburgish: wólf
- Old High German: wolf
  - Middle High German: wolf
    - Alemannic German: wolf (Italian Walser)
    - Bavarian:
      Cimbrian: bolf
      Mòcheno: bolf
      Udinese: bolf, bölf
    - German: Wolf
    - Hunsrik: Wollef
    - Luxembourgish: Wollef
    - Pennsylvania German: Wolf
    - Vilamovian: wūf
    - Yiddish: וואָלף‎ (volf)
Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ (*wulfaʀ)
- Old Norse: ulfr, úlfr
  - Icelandic: úlfur
  - Faroese: úlvur
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: ulv; (dialectal) úv’e, olv, ålv
  - Norwegian Bokmål: ulv
  - Elfdalian: ulv
  - Old Swedish: ulver
    - Swedish: ulv
  - Old Danish: ulv
    - Danish: ulv
  - Gutnish: ulv, ålv
Gothic: 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 (wulfs)