Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrōts

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /wrɔːts/

Noun

*wrōts f

root

Inflection

The original stem ablaut was initially preserved, but lexical split already occurred within the Proto-Germanic period.

consonant stemDeclension of *wrōts (consonant stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*wrōts	*wrōtiz
vocative	*wrōt	*wrōtiz
accusative	*wrōtų	*wrōtunz
genitive	*wurtiz	*wurtǫ̂
dative	*wurti	*wurtumaz
instrumental	*wurtē	*wurtumiz

Derived terms

*urtiz
*wrōtaną
*wurtwaluz (compound with *waluz)
- Proto-West Germanic: *wurtwalu
  - Old English: wyrtwalu f, wyrtwala m, *wyrtel
    - ⇒ Old English: bisċopwyrtel
  - Old Frisian: wirtel, wortel
    - Saterland Frisian: Wuttel
    - West Frisian: woartel, wurtel
  - Old Saxon: *wurtwala, *wurtala
    - Middle Low German: wortele
      - German Low German: Wortel, Wörtel, Wuttel, Wuddel
  - Old Dutch: *wurtala
    - Middle Dutch: wortele
      - Dutch: wortel (“root, carrot”)
        Afrikaans: wortel (“carrot, square root”)
        Negerhollands: wortel, wolter
        Skepi Creole Dutch: wotl (“carrot”)
        → Indonesian: wortel (“carrot”)
      - Limburgish: wórtel
  - Old High German: wurzala
    - Middle High German: wurzel
      - German: Wurzel
      - Luxembourgish: Wuerzel
      - Vilamovian: wücuł
      - Yiddish: וואָרצל‎ (vortsl)

Related terms

*wurt- (oblique stem) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *wurti
- Old English: wyrt (“plant, herb”)
  - Middle English: wurt, worte, wort
    - English: wort
    - Middle Scots: *wort (attested in plural wortis)
      - Scots: wirt
    - ⇒ Middle English: wurten, worten (“resembling or pertaining to spice, herbal”, adj)
- Old English: wyrt (“brewer's wort”) (merged with descendant of *wurtiju)
  - Middle English: wort, worte
    - English: wort
    - Scots: wirt
- Old Saxon: wurt
  - Middle Low German: wort, wurt
- Old Dutch: wurt
  - Middle Dutch: worte
- Old High German: wurz
  - Middle High German: wurz
    - Cimbrian: burtz, buurtza
    - German: Wurz
    - Vilamovian: wiyc
  - ⇒ Old High German: giwurz f
    - Middle High German: *gewürze (attested 15th c.)
      - German: Gewürz n
        → German Low German: Gewürz
      - Luxembourgish: Gewierz
Old Norse: rót, vrót
- Icelandic: rót
- Faroese: rót
- Norwegian: rot
- Old Swedish: rōt
  - Swedish: rot
- Danish: rod
- Gutnish: rot
- → Old English: rōt
  - Middle English: rote, root, roote, rot, rotæ
    - English: root
    - Scots: ruit, rute