< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wraiþaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to turn, twist”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈwrɑi̯.θɑz/
Adjective
*wraiþaz
- twisted, bent out of shape, anxious
- extremely angry, furious, wroth
- cruel
Inflection
Declension of *wraiþaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *wraiþaz | *wraiþai | *wraiþō | *wraiþôz | *wraiþą, -atō | *wraiþō |
| Accusative | *wraiþanǭ | *wraiþanz | *wraiþǭ | *wraiþōz | *wraiþą, -atō | *wraiþō |
| Genitive | *wraiþas, -is | *wraiþaizǫ̂ | *wraiþaizōz | *wraiþaizǫ̂ | *wraiþas, -is | *wraiþaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *wraiþammai | *wraiþaimaz | *wraiþaizōi | *wraiþaimaz | *wraiþammai | *wraiþaimaz |
| Instrumental | *wraiþanō | *wraiþaimiz | *wraiþaizō | *wraiþaimiz | *wraiþanō | *wraiþaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *wraiþô | *wraiþaniz | *wraiþǭ | *wraiþōniz | *wraiþô | *wraiþōnō |
| Accusative | *wraiþanų | *wraiþanunz | *wraiþōnų | *wraiþōnunz | *wraiþô | *wraiþōnō |
| Genitive | *wraiþiniz | *wraiþanǫ̂ | *wraiþōniz | *wraiþōnǫ̂ | *wraiþiniz | *wraiþanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *wraiþini | *wraiþammaz | *wraiþōni | *wraiþōmaz | *wraiþini | *wraiþammaz |
| Instrumental | *wraiþinē | *wraiþammiz | *wraiþōnē | *wraiþōmiz | *wraiþinē | *wraiþammiz |
Derived terms
- *wraiþį̄
- *wraiþiþō
- *wraiþijaną
Related terms
- *wrīþaną
Descendants
- Old English: wrāþ
- Middle English: wrath, wroth
- Scots: wraith
- English: wroth
- Middle English: wrath, wroth
- Old Frisian: wrēth
- Saterland Frisian: wreed
- West Frisian: wreed
- Old Saxon: wrēth
- Middle Low German: wrêt
- German Low German: wreed
- Middle Low German: wrêt
- Old Dutch: *wrēth
- Middle Dutch: wreet
- Dutch: wreed
- Middle Dutch: wreet
- Old High German: *reid
- Middle High German: reit
- Old Norse:
- Old West Norse: vreiðr, reiðr (appeared later)
- Icelandic: reiður
- Faroese: reiður
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: vred
- Norwegian Nynorsk: vreid
- Old East Norse: vreiðr
- Old Swedish: vrēþer
- Swedish: vred
- Old Danish: wredh, wredher
- Danish: vred
- Old Swedish: vrēþer
- Old West Norse: vreiðr, reiðr (appeared later)