Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/warmaz

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Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/warmaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain. Two different etymologies have been proposed.

1. From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰór-mo-s, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”) +‎ *-mos, related to Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós), Latin formus, Persian گرم‎ (garm) and Sanskrit घर्म (gharma).[1]
2. From Proto-Indo-European *wór-mo-s, from *wer- (“to burn”) +‎ *-mos, related to Hittite [script needed] (warnuzi).[2]

The dispute is due to differing hypotheses on how Proto-Indo-European initial *gʷʰ- evolved in Germanic. Some maintain that *gʷʰ would have turned to *b, and therefore that the root *gʷʰer- would instead have given rise to *ber- (“to burn”) etc. (compare *banô < *gʷʰon-ō). A counterargument (e.g. Kroonen (2013: p. xxviii)) is that Germanic *w is in fact the usual outcome of *gʷʰ, citing uncontroversial examples such as *snaiwaz < *snóygʷʰos and *neurô < *négʷʰrō. There have also been etymologies proposing a merger of the two roots.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈwɑr.mɑz/

Adjective

*warmaz[1][2]

1. warm (having a higher temperature than usual)

   Synonym: *haitaz (“hot”)

   Antonym: *kaldaz

Inflection

Declension of *warmaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*warmaz	*warmai	*warmō	*warmôz	*warmą, -atō	*warmō
Accusative	*warmanǭ	*warmanz	*warmǭ	*warmōz	*warmą, -atō	*warmō
Genitive	*warmas, -is	*warmaizǫ̂	*warmaizōz	*warmaizǫ̂	*warmas, -is	*warmaizǫ̂
Dative	*warmammai	*warmaimaz	*warmaizōi	*warmaimaz	*warmammai	*warmaimaz
Instrumental	*warmanō	*warmaimiz	*warmaizō	*warmaimiz	*warmanō	*warmaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*warmô	*warmaniz	*warmǭ	*warmōniz	*warmô	*warmōnō
Accusative	*warmanų	*warmanunz	*warmōnų	*warmōnunz	*warmô	*warmōnō
Genitive	*warminiz	*warmanǫ̂	*warmōniz	*warmōnǫ̂	*warminiz	*warmanǫ̂
Dative	*warmini	*warmammaz	*warmōni	*warmōmaz	*warmini	*warmammaz
Instrumental	*warminē	*warmammiz	*warmōnē	*warmōmiz	*warminē	*warmammiz

Derived terms

• *warmijaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *warm
  • Old English: wearm
    • Middle English: warm, warme, werm, wearm
      • Scots: wairm
      • English: warm
  • Old Frisian: warm
    • Saterland Frisian: woorm
    • West Frisian: waarm
  • Old Saxon: warm
    • Middle Low German: warm
      • Low German: warm
      • German Low German: warm
  • Old Dutch: *warm
    • Middle Dutch: warm
      • Dutch: warm
        • Afrikaans: warm
      • Limburgish: werm
      • West Flemish: werm
  • Old High German: warm
    • Middle High German: warm
      • Alemannic German: warm
        • Italian Walser: warm, woare, woarm, wore, wérme
      • Bavarian: borm
        • Cimbrian: barm
        • Mòcheno: bòrm
        • Udinese: borm, borbm, boarm
        • Viennese: wårm
      • Central Franconian: wärm, warm
        • Hunsrik: waarem
      • German: warm
      • Luxembourgish: waarm
      • Yiddish: וואַרעם‎ (varem)
• Old Norse: varmr
  • Icelandic: varmur
  • Faroese: varmur
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: varm; (dialectal) varm’u, varm’e
  • Elfdalian: warm
  • Old Swedish: varmber, værmber
    • Swedish: varm
  • Old Danish: warm
    • Danish: varm
      • Norwegian Bokmål: varm
    • Scanian: værmer
  • Old Gutnish: varmbr
    • Gutnish: varmar

References

1. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*warma-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 575
2. Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*warmaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 449