< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wardaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈwɑr.ðɑz/
Etymology 1
From earlier *warþaz, *werþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”). Compare Latin versus.
Alternative forms
- *werdaz
Adjective
*wardaz
- turned
- turned toward; facing
Inflection
Declension of *wardaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *wardaz | *wardai | *wardō | *wardôz | *wardą, -atō | *wardō |
| Accusative | *wardanǭ | *wardanz | *wardǭ | *wardōz | *wardą, -atō | *wardō |
| Genitive | *wardas, -is | *wardaizǫ̂ | *wardaizōz | *wardaizǫ̂ | *wardas, -is | *wardaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *wardammai | *wardaimaz | *wardaizōi | *wardaimaz | *wardammai | *wardaimaz |
| Instrumental | *wardanō | *wardaimiz | *wardaizō | *wardaimiz | *wardanō | *wardaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *wardô | *wardaniz | *wardǭ | *wardōniz | *wardô | *wardōnō |
| Accusative | *wardanų | *wardanunz | *wardōnų | *wardōnunz | *wardô | *wardōnō |
| Genitive | *wardiniz | *wardanǫ̂ | *wardōniz | *wardōnǫ̂ | *wardiniz | *wardanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *wardini | *wardammaz | *wardōni | *wardōmaz | *wardini | *wardammaz |
| Instrumental | *wardinē | *wardammiz | *wardōnē | *wardōmiz | *wardinē | *wardammiz |
Related terms
- *werþaną
Descendants
- Old English: -weard
- Middle English: -warde, -ward
- English: -ward
- Scots: -wart, -art, -it
- ⇒ Old English: -weardes
- Middle English: -wardes, -wardis, -wardus
- English: -wards
- Middle English: -wardes, -wardis, -wardus
- Middle English: -warde, -ward
- Old Frisian: -ward, -werd
- Old Saxon: -ward
- Middle Low German: -ward; -wērdes
- Low German: -ward, -wart
- ⇒ Middle Low German: -wērdes
- Low German: -warts
- Middle Low German: -ward; -wērdes
- Old Dutch: *-ward, *-werd
- Middle Dutch: -wert, -weert, -waert
- ⇒ Middle Dutch: -werts
- Dutch: -waarts
- ⇒ Middle Dutch: -werts
- Middle Dutch: -wert, -weert, -waert
- Old High German: -wart, -wert
- Middle High German: -wert
- ⇒ Old High German: -wertes
- Middle High German: -wertes
- German: -wärts
- Middle High German: -wertes
- Old Norse: -varðr, -verðr
- Old Swedish: -varþer
- Gothic: -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (-wairþs)
Etymology 2
From Proto-Indo-European *wor-tós, *wor-tús, from the root *wer- (“to watch, heed, guard”).
Alternative forms
- *warduz (Northern)
Noun
*wardaz m
- guard
Inflection
| masculine a-stemDeclension of *wardaz (masculine a-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | *wardaz | *wardōz, *wardōs | |
| vocative | *ward | *wardōz, *wardōs | |
| accusative | *wardą | *wardanz | |
| genitive | *wardas, *wardis | *wardǫ̂ | |
| dative | *wardai | *wardamaz | |
| instrumental | *wardō | *wardamiz | |
Related terms
- *waraz
- *wardō
- *warduz
- *wardōną
- *wardāną
- *warjaną
- *warnōną
- *warōną
Derived terms
- *arbjawardaz
- *Audawardaz
- *durawardaz
- *endawardaz
- *habudawardaz
- *saliwardaz, *saliwarduz
- *Sigiwardaz
- *wardahūsą
- *wardamann-
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *ward
- Old English: weard
- Middle English: ward
- Scots: ward
- English: ward
- Middle English: ward
- ⇒ Old Frisian: warder
- Old Saxon: ward
- Middle Low German: wart, wārt (in compounds)
- Old High German: wart
- Middle High German: wart
- German: Wart
- Middle High German: wart
- Old English: weard
- Old Norse: varðr
- Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (*wards) (only in 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (daurawards))
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*warđaz II”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 448