Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/upp

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

The form is from either *ub + a nasal affix representing an earlier *up-nó, related to *uppai (earlier *up-nóy) and *ubanē; or by analogy with *uppai.[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /upː/

Adverb

*upp

up, upwards

Related terms

*ub
*ubanē
*upanaz
*uppai

Derived terms

*upp-
*uppijaną

Descendants

Gothic shows a peculiar full-grade *eup-, while West Germanic (minus Anglo-Frisian) shows a secondary "full-grade" *ūp(ą) (German auf); for the same treatment compare *īn(ą) (German ein) and *ūt(ą) (German aus).

Old English: upp, up
- Middle English: up, upp, vp, ap
  - English: up
  - Scots: up
  - Yola: ap, up
Old Frisian: uppa, oppa, up, op
- North Frisian:
  - Sylt: üp
- Saterland Frisian: op, ap
- West Frisian: op
Old Saxon: ūp
- Middle Low German: up
  - Low German: up, op
Old Dutch: ūp
- Middle Dutch: op
  - Dutch: op, (dialectal) oep
  - West Flemish: up, ip
Old High German: ūf
- Middle High German: ūf
  - Alemannic German: uf, ufe
  - Bavarian: aaf
    Cimbrian: af
  - German: auf
  - Vilamovian: u̇f
  - Yiddish: אויף‎ (oyf)
- Old Rhine Franconian: uf
  - Middle Rhine Franconian: uf
    - Rhine Franconian: uff, off
      Pennsylvania German: uff
      Hunsrik: uff
- Old Central Franconian: *up
  - Middle Central Franconian: up
    - Central Franconian: op
      Kölsch: op
Old Norse: upp
- Icelandic: upp
- Faroese: upp
- Norwegian Nynorsk: upp
- Old Swedish: up
  - Swedish: upp
- Danish: op
  - Norwegian Bokmål: opp
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: opp
Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍀 (iup)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2011) The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2011) The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN