< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/upanaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Alternative forms
- *upinaz
Etymology
Originally the past participle of the verb *eupaną, *ūpaną, related to *upp (“up”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈu.pɑ.nɑz/
Adjective
*upanaz
- open
Inflection
Declension of *upanaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *upanaz | *upanai | *upanō | *upanôz | *upaną, -atō | *upanō |
| Accusative | *upananǭ | *upananz | *upanǭ | *upanōz | *upaną, -atō | *upanō |
| Genitive | *upanas, -is | *upanaizǫ̂ | *upanaizōz | *upanaizǫ̂ | *upanas, -is | *upanaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *upanammai | *upanaimaz | *upanaizōi | *upanaimaz | *upanammai | *upanaimaz |
| Instrumental | *upananō | *upanaimiz | *upanaizō | *upanaimiz | *upananō | *upanaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *upanô | *upananiz | *upanǭ | *upanōniz | *upanô | *upanōnō |
| Accusative | *upananų | *upananunz | *upanōnų | *upanōnunz | *upanô | *upanōnō |
| Genitive | *upaniniz | *upananǫ̂ | *upanōniz | *upanōnǫ̂ | *upaniniz | *upananǫ̂ |
| Dative | *upanini | *upanammaz | *upanōni | *upanōmaz | *upanini | *upanammaz |
| Instrumental | *upaninē | *upanammiz | *upanōnē | *upanōmiz | *upaninē | *upanammiz |
Derived terms
- *upanōną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *opan
- Old English: open
- Middle English: open, opyn, ope
- Scots: appen, apen
- English: open
- Middle English: open, opyn, ope
- Old Frisian: open, epen
- Saterland Frisian: eepen
- West Frisian: iepen
- Old Saxon: opan, open
- Middle Low German: open, apen
- Low German: open, apen
- Middle Low German: open, apen
- Old Dutch: *opan
- Middle Dutch: ōpen
- Dutch: open
- Afrikaans: oop
- Negerhollands: open, hopo
- → Virgin Islands Creole: hopo
- →? Aukan: obo
- Limburgish: aop
- Dutch: open
- Middle Dutch: ōpen
- Old High German: offan, ophan, ofan
- Middle High German: offen
- Alemannic German: offe
- German: offen
- Yiddish: אָפֿן (ofn)
- Middle High German: offen
- Old English: open
- Old Norse: opinn
- Icelandic: opinn
- Faroese: opin
- Norwegian Nynorsk: open
- Westrobothnian: uppi, yppe, ipi
- Old Swedish: ypin
- Swedish: öppen
- Danish: åben
- Norwegian Bokmål: åpen