< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/under
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From a merger of two originally distinct prepositions as a result of Verner's law: Pre-Germanic *untér and *undʰér, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥tér (“inside”), from which also Latin inter and *h₁n̥dʰér (“under”), whence Latin īnfrā, Sanskrit अध (adhá, “below”), Ossetian дӕлӕ (dælæ, “below”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈun.der/
Preposition
*under[1]
- (+dative) among, between
- (+dative) under, beneath (location)
- (+accusative) under (direction)
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *undar
- Old English: under
- Middle English: under, vnder, onder
- English: under
- Scots: unner
- Yola: unnere
- Middle English: under, vnder, onder
- Old Frisian: under
- Saterland Frisian: unner
- West Frisian: ûnder
- Old Saxon: undar
- Middle Low German: under, ünder, ynder
- Low German: ünner
- Plautdietsch: unja
- Middle Low German: under, ünder, ynder
- Old Dutch: under
- Middle Dutch: onder
- Dutch: onder
- Afrikaans: onder
- Berbice Creole Dutch: ondro
- Negerhollands: onder, ondu, undu
- → Aukan: ondoo
- Limburgish: ónger
- Dutch: onder
- Middle Dutch: onder
- Old High German: untar, undar, under
- Middle High German: unter
- German: unter
- Hunsrik: unne
- Luxembourgish: ënner
- Yiddish: אונטער (unter)
- Middle High German: unter
- Old English: under
- Old Norse: undir
- Icelandic: undir
- Faroese: undir
- Norn: onjder, onder
- Norwegian: under
- Old Swedish: undir
- Swedish: under
- Danish: under
- Gutnish: undar, unda, undur
- Westrobothnian: önner, unnär, undi
- Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 (undar)
- →? Old Portuguese: unter
- Galician: unter, ontre
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*under-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 559