< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tōmaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Alternative forms
- *tōmijaz
Etymology
From Pre-Germanic *deH-, further origin unknown.[1] Potentially from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to divide, share”), but semantically unconvincing.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈtɔː.mɑz/
Adjective
*tōmaz
- free, clear, empty, unoccupied
Inflection
Declension of *tōmaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *tōmaz | *tōmai | *tōmō | *tōmôz | *tōmą, -atō | *tōmō |
| Accusative | *tōmanǭ | *tōmanz | *tōmǭ | *tōmōz | *tōmą, -atō | *tōmō |
| Genitive | *tōmas, -is | *tōmaizǫ̂ | *tōmaizōz | *tōmaizǫ̂ | *tōmas, -is | *tōmaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *tōmammai | *tōmaimaz | *tōmaizōi | *tōmaimaz | *tōmammai | *tōmaimaz |
| Instrumental | *tōmanō | *tōmaimiz | *tōmaizō | *tōmaimiz | *tōmanō | *tōmaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *tōmô | *tōmaniz | *tōmǭ | *tōmōniz | *tōmô | *tōmōnō |
| Accusative | *tōmanų | *tōmanunz | *tōmōnų | *tōmōnunz | *tōmô | *tōmōnō |
| Genitive | *tōminiz | *tōmanǫ̂ | *tōmōniz | *tōmōnǫ̂ | *tōminiz | *tōmanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *tōmini | *tōmammaz | *tōmōni | *tōmōmaz | *tōmini | *tōmammaz |
| Instrumental | *tōminē | *tōmammiz | *tōmōnē | *tōmōmiz | *tōminē | *tōmammiz |
Derived terms
- *tōmijaną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *tōm(ī)
- Old English: tōm
- Middle English: tome, tom, toume, tombe; toyme, tum, tume
- English: toom
- Scots: tume, tuim
- Middle English: tome, tom, toume, tombe; toyme, tum, tume
- Old Saxon: tōm, tōmi
- Old High German: *zuom, *zuomi
- ⇒ Old High German: widarzuomi
- ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *tōmīg
- Old Saxon: tōmig
- Old High German: zuomīg
- Old English: tōm
- Old Norse: tómr
- Icelandic: tómur
- Faroese: tómur
- Norn: tøm
- Norwegian Nynorsk: tom
- Old Swedish: tōmber
- Swedish: tom
- Danish: tom
- Norwegian Bokmål: tom
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN