Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/terwą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *derwom, derived from Proto-Indo-European *dóru. Related to Lithuanian derva (“resin, tar”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈter.wɑ̃/

Noun

*terwą n

tar

Inflection

neuter a-stemDeclension of *terwą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*terwą	*terwō
vocative	*terwą	*terwō
accusative	*terwą	*terwō
genitive	terwas, tirwis	*terwǫ̂
dative	*tirwai	*terwamaz
instrumental	*terwō	*terwamiz

Derived terms

*tirwiją

Related terms

*terwaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *teru
- Old English: teoru
  - Middle English: ter, terr, tarr
    - English: tar
    - Scots: terr, ter, tar
- Old Frisian: tere
  - North Frisian: tjär
  - Saterland Frisian: Taar
  - West Frisian: tarre, tar
- Old Saxon: *tero
  - Middle Low German: tēre, tēr
    - → German: Teer
    - → Rhine Franconian: Zeer (northern Hessian; likely borrowed and adapted)
- Old Dutch: *tero
  - Middle Dutch: terre, teer, tar
    - Dutch: teer
      - Afrikaans: teer
Old Norse: tjara (replacing *tjǫrva < *terwǭ)
- Danish: tjære
- Faroese: tjøra
- Icelandic: tjara
- Norwegian Bokmål: tjære
- Norwegian Nynorsk: tjære
- Old Swedish: tiæra
  - Swedish: tjära
- Westrobothnian: tjeru, tjiro
→ Proto-Finnic: *terva
→ Proto-Samic: *tërvē

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 514