< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swerkaną
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *swerg-.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈswer.kɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*swerkaną
- to darken, be obscured
Inflection
Conjugation of *swerkaną (strong class 3)
active voice | passive voice | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
1st singular | *swerkō | *swerkaų | — | *swerkai | ? |
2nd singular | *swirkizi | *swerkaiz | *swerk | *swerkazai | *swerkaizau |
3rd singular | *swirkidi | *swerkai | *swerkadau | *swerkadai | *swerkaidau |
1st dual | *swerkōz | *swerkaiw | — | — | — |
2nd dual | *swerkadiz | *swerkaidiz | *swerkadiz | — | — |
1st plural | *swerkamaz | *swerkaim | — | *swerkandai | *swerkaindau |
2nd plural | *swirkid | *swerkaid | *swirkid | *swerkandai | *swerkaindau |
3rd plural | *swerkandi | *swerkain | *swerkandau | *swerkandai | *swerkaindau |
past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
1st singular | *swark | *swurkį̄ | |||
2nd singular | *swarht | *swurkīz | |||
3rd singular | *swark | *swurkī | |||
1st dual | *swurkū | *swurkīw | |||
2nd dual | *swurkudiz | *swurkīdiz | |||
1st plural | *swurkum | *swurkīm | |||
2nd plural | *swurkud | *swurkīd | |||
3rd plural | *swurkun | *swurkīn | |||
present | past | ||||
participles | *swerkandz | *swurkanaz |
Related terms
- *swarkōną
- *swerką/*gaswerką
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *swerkan
- Old English: sweorcan
- Middle English: *swerken, swærken; swurken (ppl)
- Old Frisian: swerka
- Old Saxon: swerkan
- Middle Low German: swerken
- Low German: swerken, schwerken
- Middle Low German: swerken
- Old Dutch: *swerkan
- Middle Dutch: swerken
- Old High German: swerchan
- Old English: sweorcan
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN