Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swerbaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *swerbʰ- (“to turn; wipe; sweep”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈswer.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swerbaną

to rub; wipe; polish
to file

Inflection

Conjugation of *swerbaną (strong class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*swerbō	*swerbaų	—	*swerbai	?
2nd singular	*swirbizi	*swerbaiz	*swerb	*swerbazai	*swerbaizau
3rd singular	*swirbidi	*swerbai	*swerbadau	*swerbadai	*swerbaidau
1st dual	*swerbōz	*swerbaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*swerbadiz	*swerbaidiz	*swerbadiz	—	—
1st plural	*swerbamaz	*swerbaim	—	*swerbandai	*swerbaindau
2nd plural	*swirbid	*swerbaid	*swirbid	*swerbandai	*swerbaindau
3rd plural	*swerbandi	*swerbain	*swerbandau	*swerbandai	*swerbaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swarb	*swurbį̄
2nd singular	*swarft	*swurbīz
3rd singular	*swarb	*swurbī
1st dual	*swurbū	*swurbīw
2nd dual	*swurbudiz	*swurbīdiz
1st plural	*swurbum	*swurbīm
2nd plural	*swurbud	*swurbīd
3rd plural	*swurbun	*swurbīn

	present	past
participles	*swerbandz	*swurbanaz

Descendants

Old English: sweorfan
- Middle English: swerven, swarven
  - English: swerve, swarve
  - Scots: swerfe, swarfe, swerve, swarve
Old Frisian: swerva
- West Frisian: swerve
Old Saxon: swerban, swervan
- Middle Low German: swerven
  - Low German: swarven
Old Dutch: *swervan
- Middle Dutch: swerven
  - Dutch: zwerven
Old High German: swerban
- Middle High German: swerben
  - ⇒ Middle High German: swirbelen, swirbeln
    - German: schwirbeln
Old Norse: sverfa
- Icelandic: sverfa
- Norwegian: sverva (dialectal)
- Swedish: svärva (dialectal)
Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (*swairban) (in combinations: 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (afswairban), 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (biswairban))