< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swartaz
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *swerd- (“dirty, dark, black”) (compare Latin sordēs, Russian сор (sor) and Northern Kurdish xwelî).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈswɑr.tɑz/
Adjective
*swartaz
- black
- Synonym: *blakaz
Inflection
Declension of *swartaz (a-stem)
Strong declension | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | *swartaz | *swartai | *swartō | *swartôz | *swartą, -atō | *swartō |
Accusative | *swartanǭ | *swartanz | *swartǭ | *swartōz | *swartą, -atō | *swartō |
Genitive | *swartas, -is | *swartaizǫ̂ | *swartaizōz | *swartaizǫ̂ | *swartas, -is | *swartaizǫ̂ |
Dative | *swartammai | *swartaimaz | *swartaizōi | *swartaimaz | *swartammai | *swartaimaz |
Instrumental | *swartanō | *swartaimiz | *swartaizō | *swartaimiz | *swartanō | *swartaimiz |
Weak declension | ||||||
Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | *swartô | *swartaniz | *swartǭ | *swartōniz | *swartô | *swartōnō |
Accusative | *swartanų | *swartanunz | *swartōnų | *swartōnunz | *swartô | *swartōnō |
Genitive | *swartiniz | *swartanǫ̂ | *swartōniz | *swartōnǫ̂ | *swartiniz | *swartanǫ̂ |
Dative | *swartini | *swartammaz | *swartōni | *swartōmaz | *swartini | *swartammaz |
Instrumental | *swartinē | *swartammiz | *swartōnē | *swartōmiz | *swartinē | *swartammiz |
Derived terms
- *swartijaną
- *swartō
- *swartōną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *swart
- Old English: sweart, swart, swært
- Middle English: swart
- English: swart, swarth
- Scots: swart
- Middle English: swart
- Old Frisian: swart, swert
- North Frisian: suart, suurt
- Saterland Frisian: swot, swoot
- West Frisian: swart
- Old Saxon: swart
- Middle Low German: swart
- Low German:
- German Low German: swart, schwart
- Hamburgisch: swatt
- Westphalian:
- Münsterländisch: swatt
- Paderbornisch: schwart
- Lippisch: schwart
- Ravensbergisch: swārt, swat
- Sauerländisch: schwart, schwatt, schwuat, schwoart, schwuart, schwoert
- Westmünsterländisch: schwatt, schwott, schwart
- → German: schwatt
- Plautdietsch: schwoat
- German Low German: swart, schwart
- → Danish: sværte (“black dye”)
- Low German:
- Middle Low German: swart
- Old Dutch: *swart
- Middle Dutch: swart
- Dutch: zwart
- Afrikaans: swart
- Limburgish: zwart
- West Flemish: zwort
- Dutch: zwart
- Middle Dutch: swart
- Old High German: swarz
- Middle High German: swarz
- Alemannic German:
- Alsatian: schwàrz
- Swabian: schwardds
- Bavarian: schwoarz
- Cimbrian: sbartz
- Mòcheno: schbòrz
- Central Franconian: schwatz, zjwats
- Hunsrik: schwarz
- German: schwarz
- Luxembourgish: schwaarz
- Rhine Franconian:
- Hessian: schwoaz
- Pennsylvania German: schwatz
- Vilamovian: świöc
- Yiddish: שוואַרץ (shvarts)
- Alemannic German:
- Middle High German: swarz
- Old English: sweart, swart, swært
- Old Norse: svartr
- Icelandic: svartur
- Faroese: svartur
- Norn: svart
- Norwegian Nynorsk: svart, (dialectal) svart’u, svart’e
- → Norwegian Bokmål: svart
- Elfdalian: swart
- Westrobothnian: sohtt
- Old Swedish: svarter, svorter
- Swedish: svart
- → Westrobothnian: ʃwɑʈʈ, swårt
- Swedish: svart
- Scanian: svárter
- Old Danish: swart, swort, sort
- Danish: sort
- Norwegian Bokmål: sort
- Danish: sort
- Gutnish: svartar
- Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 (swarts)
See also
*blaikaz, *blankaz, *hwītaz, *blasaz | *falwaz, *grēwaz, *haswaz, *grīsaz, *hairaz | *blakaz, *swartaz |
*raudaz | *brūnaz, *erpaz, *dusnaz | *gelwaz, *gulaz |
*grōniz | *grōniz | |
*blēwaz | *blēwaz, *hēwijaz | |
*blēwaz, *hēwijaz | *baswaz |