< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swarmijaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *swarmaz (“swarm”) + *-janą.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈswɑr.mi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*swarmijaną
- to swarm
Inflection
Conjugation of *swarmijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *swarmijō | *swarmijaų | — | *swarmijai | *? |
| 2nd singular | *swarmīsi | *swarmijais | *swarmī | *swarmijasai | *swarmijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *swarmīþi | *swarmijai | *swarmijaþau | *swarmijaþai | *swarmijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *swarmijōs | *swarmijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *swarmijaþiz | *swarmijaiþiz | *swarmijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *swarmijamaz | *swarmijaim | — | *swarmijanþai | *swarmijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *swarmīþ | *swarmijaiþ | *swarmīþ | *swarmijanþai | *swarmijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *swarmijanþi | *swarmijain | *swarmijanþau | *swarmijanþai | *swarmijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *swarmidǭ | *swarmidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *swarmidēz | *swarmidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *swarmidē | *swarmidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *swarmidēdū | *swarmidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *swarmidēdudiz | *swarmidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *swarmidēdum | *swarmidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *swarmidēdud | *swarmidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *swarmidēdun | *swarmidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *swarmijandz | *swarmidaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *swarmijan
- Old English: swierman
- Middle English: swarmen, swermen, swarmyn
- English: swarm
- Scots: swairm
- Middle English: swarmen, swermen, swarmyn
- Old Saxon: *swermian
- Middle Low German: swermen
- Old Dutch: *swermen
- Middle Dutch: swermen, swarmen
- Dutch: zwermen
- Middle Dutch: swermen, swarmen
- Old High German: swermen
- Middle High German: swermen
- German: schwärmen
- Middle High German: swermen
- Old English: swierman
- Old Norse: *sverma
- Icelandic: sverma
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: sverme
- Norwegian Nynorsk: sverme, sverma
- Swedish: svärma
- Danish: sværme