< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swarjaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *swer-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈswɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*swarjaną
- to swear (an oath)
Inflection
Conjugation of *swarjaną (strong class 6 j-present)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *swarjō | *swarjaų | — | *swarjai | *? |
| 2nd singular | *swarisi | *swarjais | *swari | *swarjasai | *swarjaisau |
| 3rd singular | *swariþi | *swarjai | *swarjaþau | *swarjaþai | *swarjaiþau |
| 1st dual | *swarjōs | *swarjaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *swarjaþiz | *swarjaiþiz | *swarjaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *swarjamaz | *swarjaim | — | *swarjanþai | *swarjainþau |
| 2nd plural | *swariþ | *swarjaiþ | *swariþ | *swarjanþai | *swarjainþau |
| 3rd plural | *swarjanþi | *swarjain | *swarjanþau | *swarjanþai | *swarjainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *swōr | *swōrį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *swōrt | *swōrīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *swōr | *swōrī | |||
| 1st dual | *swōrū | *swōrīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *swōrudiz | *swōrīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *swōrum | *swōrīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *swōrud | *swōrīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *swōrun | *swōrīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *swarjandz | *swaranaz | |||
Derived terms
- *andaswarjaną
- *swardiz
- *swarō
- *swarōną
- *swarô
- *swōraz
- *swōriją
- *swōrijaną
- *swōriz
Descendants
- Old English: swerian, sƿerian, swarian
- Middle English: swerien, sweren
- English: swear
- Scots: swer, swere, sweir
- Middle English: swerien, sweren
- Old Frisian: swera, swara
- Saterland Frisian: swera
- West Frisian: swarre
- Old Saxon: swerian
- Middle Low German: sweren
- Low German: swören, sweren
- Middle Low German: sweren
- Old Dutch: sweren, *swerien
- Middle Dutch: swēren, swerren
- Dutch: zweren
- Afrikaans: sweer
- Limburgish: zwaere
- Dutch: zweren
- Middle Dutch: swēren, swerren
- Old High German: sweren, swerien, swerren
- Middle High German: swern
- Alemannic German: schwere
- German: schwören
- Luxembourgish: schwieren
- Middle High German: swern
- Old Norse: sverja
- Icelandic: sverja
- Faroese: svørja
- Norwegian: sverge, sverja, sverje
- Old Swedish: sværia
- Swedish: svära, svärja
- Old Danish: swæriæ, swæræ
- Danish: sværge
- Westrobothnian: sväri
- Elfdalian: swera
- Gutnish: sväre
- Scanian: sværa
- Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran)