< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/surgāną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *surgō + *-āną.
Verb
*surgāną[1]
- to worry, be concerned
Inflection
Conjugation of *surgāną (weak class 3)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *surgō | ? | — | ? | ? |
| 2nd singular | *surgaisi | ? | *surgai | *surgāsai | ? |
| 3rd singular | *surgaiþi | ? | *surgāþau | *surgāþai | ? |
| 1st dual | *surgōs | ? | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *surgāþiz | ? | *surgāþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *surgāmaz | ? | — | *surgānþai | ? |
| 2nd plural | *surgaiþ | ? | *surgaiþ | *surgānþai | ? |
| 3rd plural | *surgānþi | ? | *surgānþau | *surgānþai | ? |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *surgadǭ | *surgadēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *surgadēz | *surgadēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *surgadē | *surgadēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *surgadēdū | *surgadēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *surgadēdudiz | *surgadēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *surgadēdum | *surgadēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *surgadēdud | *surgadēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *surgadēdun | *surgadēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *surgāndz | *surgadaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *sorgēn, *sorgōn
- Old English: sorgian, sorhgian, *sœrgian, *sergian
- Middle English: sorȝen, serȝhen, sorwen, serwen
- English: sorrow
- Scots: sorow, sorrow
- Middle English: sorȝen, serȝhen, sorwen, serwen
- Old Frisian: *sorgia
- Saterland Frisian: súurgje, sourgje
- West Frisian: soargje
- Old Saxon: sorgōn
- Middle Low German: sorgen, sörgen
- German Low German: sörgen
- Middle Low German: sorgen, sörgen
- Old Dutch: sorgon
- Middle Dutch: sorgen
- Dutch: zorgen
- Afrikaans: sorg
- Negerhollands: sorg
- → Aukan: solugu
- → Papiamentu: sòru
- → Saramaccan: solúgu
- → Sranan Tongo: sorgu
- → Caribbean Javanese: sorgu, nyoru, nyorgoni
- → Galibi Carib: sorukuma
- Limburgish: zórge, zörge
- Dutch: zorgen
- Middle Dutch: sorgen
- Old High German: sorgēn
- German: sorgen
- → Esperanto: zorgi
- Yiddish: זאָרגן (zorgn)
- Luxembourgish: suergen
- German: sorgen
- Old English: sorgian, sorhgian, *sœrgian, *sergian
- Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌽 (saurgān)
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*surgēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 388