< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stīfaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Pre-Germanic *stéypos, from Proto-Indo-European *steyp- (“stiff, erect”). Related to Latin stīpō (“to compress”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈstiː.ɸɑz/
Adjective
*stīfaz
- stiff, rigid
Inflection
Declension of *stīfaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *stīfaz | *stīfai | *stīfō | *stīfôz | *stīfą, -atō | *stīfō |
| Accusative | *stīfanǭ | *stīfanz | *stīfǭ | *stīfōz | *stīfą, -atō | *stīfō |
| Genitive | *stīfas, -is | *stīfaizǫ̂ | *stīfaizōz | *stīfaizǫ̂ | *stīfas, -is | *stīfaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *stīfammai | *stīfaimaz | *stīfaizōi | *stīfaimaz | *stīfammai | *stīfaimaz |
| Instrumental | *stīfanō | *stīfaimiz | *stīfaizō | *stīfaimiz | *stīfanō | *stīfaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *stīfô | *stīfaniz | *stīfǭ | *stīfōniz | *stīfô | *stīfōnō |
| Accusative | *stīfanų | *stīfanunz | *stīfōnų | *stīfōnunz | *stīfô | *stīfōnō |
| Genitive | *stīfiniz | *stīfanǫ̂ | *stīfōniz | *stīfōnǫ̂ | *stīfiniz | *stīfanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *stīfini | *stīfammaz | *stīfōni | *stīfōmaz | *stīfini | *stīfammaz |
| Instrumental | *stīfinē | *stīfammiz | *stīfōnē | *stīfōmiz | *stīfinē | *stīfammiz |
Derived terms
- *stīfijaną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *stīf
- Old English: stīf
- Middle English: stīf
- English: stiff
- Scots: stif, stiff, steif
- Middle English: stīf
- Old Frisian: stīf, stēf
- Saterland Frisian: stieuw
- West Frisian: stiif
- Old Saxon: *stīf
- Middle Low German: stīf
- Low German: stief
- Plautdietsch: stiew
- → Danish: stiv
- → Swedish: styv
- → Norwegian: stiv
- → Norn: stiv
- → Icelandic: stífur
- → Elfdalian: styv
- → Gutnish: steivar, steivur
- Middle Low German: stīf
- Old Dutch: *stīf
- Middle Dutch: stijf
- Dutch: stijf
- Afrikaans: styf
- Limburgish: sjtief
- Dutch: stijf
- Middle Dutch: stijf
- Old High German: *stīf
- Middle High German: stīf
- German: steif
- Hunsrik: steif
- Luxembourgish: steif
- Middle High German: stīf
- Old English: stīf
- →? Finnish: tiivis
Further reading
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN