< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stunōną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ten- (“to thunder, rustle, rumble, drone, groan”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈstu.nɔː.nɑ̃/
Verb
*stunōną
- to groan, moan
- to make a loud sound; crash
Inflection
Conjugation of *stunōną (weak class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *stunō | *stunǭ | — | *stunōi | *? |
| 2nd singular | *stunōsi | *stunōs | *stunō | *stunōsai | *stunōsau |
| 3rd singular | *stunōþi | *stunō | *stunōþau | *stunōþai | *stunōþau |
| 1st dual | *stunōs | *stunōw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *stunōþiz | *stunōþiz | *stunōþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *stunōmaz | *stunōm | — | *stunōnþai | *stunōnþau |
| 2nd plural | *stunōþ | *stunōþ | *stunōþ | *stunōnþai | *stunōnþau |
| 3rd plural | *stunōnþi | *stunōn | *stunōnþau | *stunōnþai | *stunōnþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *stunōdǭ | *stunōdēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *stunōdēz | *stunōdēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *stunōdē | *stunōdēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *stunōdēdū | *stunōdēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *stunōdēdudiz | *stunōdēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *stunōdēdum | *stunōdēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *stunōdēdud | *stunōdēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *stunōdēdun | *stunōdēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *stunōndz | *stunōdaz | |||
Related terms
- *stanjaną
- *stenaną
- *stuniz
- *stunjaną
Descendants
- Old English: stunian
- Middle English: stunien, stonien, stunen
- Scots: stun, stound, stony
- English: stun, stound, astonish
- Middle English: stunien, stonien, stunen
- Old Saxon: *stunōn
- Middle Low German: stōnen, stönen, stēnen
- Dutch Low Saxon: steunen
- German Low German: stennen
- German: stöhnen
- Middle Low German: stōnen, stönen, stēnen
- Old Frankish: *stunōn
- Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn
- Middle Dutch: stōnen
- Dutch: steunen
- Middle Dutch: stōnen
- Old French: estoner
- Middle French: estonner
- French: étonner
- Middle French: estonner
- Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn
- Old High German: *stunōn
- Middle High German: stunen, stunden