< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stummaz
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Pre-Germanic *stm̥Hnós[1], from Proto-Indo-European *stemH- (“to push, inhibit, stutter, stammer”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈstum.mɑz/
Adjective
*stummaz
- mute
Inflection
Declension of *stummaz (a-stem)
Strong declension | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | *stummaz | *stummai | *stummō | *stummôz | *stummą, -atō | *stummō |
Accusative | *stummanǭ | *stummanz | *stummǭ | *stummōz | *stummą, -atō | *stummō |
Genitive | *stummas, -is | *stummaizǫ̂ | *stummaizōz | *stummaizǫ̂ | *stummas, -is | *stummaizǫ̂ |
Dative | *stummammai | *stummaimaz | *stummaizōi | *stummaimaz | *stummammai | *stummaimaz |
Instrumental | *stummanō | *stummaimiz | *stummaizō | *stummaimiz | *stummanō | *stummaimiz |
Weak declension | ||||||
Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | *stummô | *stummaniz | *stummǭ | *stummōniz | *stummô | *stummōnō |
Accusative | *stummanų | *stummanunz | *stummōnų | *stummōnunz | *stummô | *stummōnō |
Genitive | *stumminiz | *stummanǫ̂ | *stummōniz | *stummōnǫ̂ | *stumminiz | *stummanǫ̂ |
Dative | *stummini | *stummammaz | *stummōni | *stummōmaz | *stummini | *stummammaz |
Instrumental | *stumminē | *stummammiz | *stummōnē | *stummōmiz | *stumminē | *stummammiz |
Related terms
- *stammaz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *stumm
- Old Frisian: stumm, stum
- North Frisian: stomm, stamm
- Saterland Frisian: stum
- West Frisian: stom
- Old Saxon: stumm, stum
- Middle Low German: stum
- Low German: stumm
- Plautdietsch: stomm
- → Swedish: stum
- Middle Low German: stum
- Old Dutch: *stumm
- Middle Dutch: stomm, stom
- Dutch: stom
- Afrikaans: stom
- → English: stoom, stum
- West Flemish: stum
- Dutch: stom
- Middle Dutch: stomm, stom
- Old High German: stumm, stumb, stum
- Middle High German: stum
- German: stumm
- Luxembourgish: stomm
- Yiddish: שטום (shtum)
- → English: shtum
- Middle High German: stum
- Old Frisian: stumm, stum
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN