< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stinganą
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ste(n)gʰ- (“to stick”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈstiŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*stinganą[1][2]
- to stick out; protrude
- to sting
Inflection
Conjugation of *stinganą (strong class 3)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *stingō | *stingaų | — | *stingai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *stingizi | *stingaiz | *sting | *stingazai | *stingaizau |
| 3rd singular | *stingidi | *stingai | *stingadau | *stingadai | *stingaidau |
| 1st dual | *stingōz | *stingaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *stingadiz | *stingaidiz | *stingadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *stingamaz | *stingaim | — | *stingandai | *stingaindau |
| 2nd plural | *stingid | *stingaid | *stingid | *stingandai | *stingaindau |
| 3rd plural | *stingandi | *stingain | *stingandau | *stingandai | *stingaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *stang | *stungį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *stanht | *stungīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *stang | *stungī | |||
| 1st dual | *stungū | *stungīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *stungudiz | *stungīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *stungum | *stungīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *stungud | *stungīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *stungun | *stungīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *stingandz | *stunganaz | |||
Related terms
- *stanganą
- *stangilaz
- *stangiz
- *stangō
Derived terms
- *uzstinganą
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *stingan
- Old English: stingan
- Middle English: stingen
- English: sting
- Scots: sting
- Middle English: stingen
- Old High German: stingan
- Old English: stingan
- Old Norse: stinga
- Icelandic: stinga
- Faroese: stinga
- Swedish: stinga
- Westrobothnian: sting, stikk
- ⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (usstaggan)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*stingan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 480
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*stenʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 375