< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/starkuz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
An o-grade adjective derived from the strong verb *sterkaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sterg- (“rigid, stiff”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈstɑr.kuz/
Adjective
*starkuz
- stiff; rigid
- strong
Inflection
Declension of *starkuz (u-stem)
| strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *starkuz | *starkijai | *starkī | *starkijôz | *starkų, *-jatō | *starkijō |
| accusative | *starkijanǭ | *starkijanz | *starkijǭ | *starkijōz | *starkų, *-jatō | *starkijō |
| genitive | *starkijas, *starkīs | *starkijaizǫ̂ | *starkijaizōz | *starkijaizǫ̂ | *starkijas, *starkīs | *starkijaizǫ̂ |
| dative | *starkijammai | *starkijaimaz | *starkijaizōi | *starkijaimaz | *starkijammai | *starkijaimaz |
| instrumental | *starkijanō | *starkijaimiz | *starkijaizō | *starkijaimiz | *starkijanō | *starkijaimiz |
| weak declension | ||||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *starkijô | *starkijaniz | *starkijǭ | *starkijōniz | *starkijô | *starkijōnō |
| accusative | *starkijanų | *starkijanunz | *starkijōnų | *starkijōnunz | *starkijô | *starkijōnō |
| genitive | *starkīniz | *starkijanǫ̂ | *starkijōniz | *starkijōnǫ̂ | *starkīniz | *starkijanǫ̂ |
| dative | *starkīni | *starkijammaz | *starkijōni | *starkijōmaz | *starkīni | *starkijammaz |
| instrumental | *starkīnē | *starkijammiz | *starkijōnē | *starkijōmiz | *starkīnē | *starkijammiz |
Derived terms
- *sturknaną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *stark
- Old English: starc, stearc, *stierc
- Middle English: stark, sterk
- Scots: stark, sterk
- English: stark
- Middle English: stark, sterk
- Old Frisian: sterk, stark, steric
- Saterland Frisian: stäärk
- West Frisian: sterk
- Old Saxon: stark, *sterk
- Middle Low German: stark, sterk
- Low German: sterk
- Plautdietsch: stoakj
- Middle Low German: stark, sterk
- Old Dutch: stark, *sterk
- Middle Dutch: starc, sterc
- Dutch: sterk
- Afrikaans: sterk
- Limburgish: stèrk
- Dutch: sterk
- Middle Dutch: starc, sterc
- Old High German: starah, starch, starc, stark
- Middle High German: starc
- German: stark
- Luxembourgish: staark
- Yiddish: שטאַרק (shtark)
- Middle High German: starc
- Old English: starc, stearc, *stierc
- Old Norse: starkr, sterkr
- Icelandic: sterkur
- Faroese: sterkur
- Norn: stark
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: sterk
- Norwegian Nynorsk: sterk
- Old Swedish: starker
- Swedish: stark
- Danish: stærk
- Westrobothnian: sterk, stärk
- Elfdalian: stark
- Gutnish: starkar, starkur
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN